The purpose of this study was to investigate the experiential, psychological, and situational factors influencing behavioral reactions of bystanders witnessing cyberbullying. It also investigated ...whether the ‘bystander effect’ is valid in cyberbullying situations. In addition, a moderation effect of the presence of other bystanders was examined between various influencing factors and bystander's defending tendency. A total of 1058 middle and high school students in metropolitan areas participated in the study, and the experiences of 331 students who have witnessed cyberbullying were analyzed. First, four types of bystanders were found: outsiders were the majority (n = 201, 60.7%), followed by defenders (n = 101, 30.5%), reinforcers (n = 18, 5.4%), and assistants (n = 11, 3.3%). Second, bystanders demonstrated more defending behaviors in the absence of other bystanders, thereby validating the ‘bystander effect’ in cyberbullying situations. Third, low moral disengagement, low anti-social conformity, high perceived control of the situation and bad relationship with bullies were identified as significant predictors of a bystander's defending tendency. Finally, the presence of other bystanders moderated the effect between moral disengagement and the bystander's defending tendency in relation to bullies. The implications of these results for the effective prevention and intervention of cyberbullying are discussed.
•Bystanders defended victims more in the absence of other bystanders.•Outsider (60.7%) was the majority of bystanders witnessing cyberbullying.•Low moral disengagement and anti-social conformity were linked to high defending tendency.•High perceived control and bad relationship with bullies were linked to high defending tendency.•Presence of bystanders moderated the effect of moral disengagement and relationship with bullies.
The current study examined the mediating effects of emotional/behavioral problems and academic competence between parental abuse/neglect and a child’s school adjustment by investigating 2070 student ...surveys from the Korean Child Youth Panel Study (KCYPS). A path analysis yielded the following key findings. Firstly, childhood abuse and neglect showed a significant negative and direct effect on school adjustment. It is particularly important to note that the effect of neglect was bigger than that of abuse in this study. Secondly, emotional/behavioral problems were found to partially mediate between abuse/neglect and school adjustment. Thirdly, academic competence partially mediated the effect of neglect on school adjustment, while it did not mediate the effect of abuse on school adjustment. The indirect effect of parental neglect via emotional/behavioral problems and academic competence was stronger than that of parental abuse. The influence of parental abuse and neglect on children’s school adjustments was discussed in terms of emotional/behavioral problems and academic competence considering unique Korean cultural context.
Abstract The current study examined the mediating effects of the teacher and peer relationships between parental abuse/neglect and a child’s emotional/behavioral problems. A total of 2070 student ...surveys from the panel of the Korean Child Youth Panel Study (KCYPS) were analyzed by path analysis. The key findings of this study are outlined below. Firstly, parental physical and emotional abuse and neglect had significant effects on children’s problems. The direct effect of parental abuse on emotional/behavioral problems was higher than the direct effect of parental neglect on emotional/behavioral problems. Secondly, the teacher relationship partially mediated the effects of the parental abuse/neglect on emotional/behavioral problems. Thirdly, the peer relationship also partially mediated the effects of parental abuse/neglect on children’s emotional/behavioral problems. The indirect effect of parental neglect via teacher relationships and peer relationships was stronger than the indirect effect of parental abuse. This study is significant in that it identified that parental abuse/neglect was mediated by the teacher and peer relationship, thereby suggesting an implication for effective intervention with children who have suffered abuse and neglect. In terms of the teacher and peer relationship, understanding the influence of parental abuse and neglect on children’s problems was discussed, and the limitations and recommendations for future study were suggested.
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the ‘bystander effect’ known to occur in emergency situations is effective in bullying situations through examination of the individual ...experiences of 467 middle- and high-school students. While the bystander effect was not found to be valid in bullying situations, there were significant differences in factors influencing a bystander’s defending behavior in terms of the presence of other bystanders. In cases where bullying was witnessed in the presence of other bystanders, factors such as one’s previous experience as a perpetrator, anti-social behavior, level of harm, relationship to the victim and popularity had an effect on the defending behavior of bystanders. On the other hand, in the absence of other bystanders, one’s previous experience as a victim, level of empathy, and perceived control had an effect on the defending behavior of bystanders. The implications of these results for an effective intervention for school bullying in terms of bystanders are discussed.
We used a phenomenological approach to explore 12 sexual minority Korean college students’ coming out experiences. Emergent themes from in‐depth interviews included (a) expression of universal needs, ...(b) awareness of sociocultural violence, (c) coping strategies, and (d) cocreating an inclusive culture. These four themes characterize interactions of sociocultural factors, such as gender norms, sexual prejudice, and education with sexual identity development. Findings provide an understanding of the importance of developing effective and empowering strategies for counseling.
Doce estudiantes universitarios de minorías sexuales fueron entrevistados en Corea. El análisis de los datos indicó que cuatro temas caracterizan la complejidad de las interacciones de factores socioculturales, como las normas de género, la socialización, la cultura y los prejuicios religiosos o sexuales con el desarrollo de la identidad sexual de los estudiantes universitarios. Los temas incluyeron (a) la expresión de las necesidades universales, (b) estar consciente de la violencia sociocultural, (c) las estrategias de afrontamiento y (d) la cocreación de una cultura inclusiva. Los resultados proporcionan una comprensión de la importancia de desarrollar estrategias efectivas, de empoderamiento e interconexión para la autoconexión y la sociedad coreana.
This study analysed the psychological and social characteristics of bullies involved in traditional and cyberbullying. The responses of 11,117 Korean elementary, middle, and high school students were ...analysed. Results indicate that the rate of traditional bullying was higher than the rate of cyberbullying. The four groups (traditional bullies, cyberbullies, combined bullies, and non-involved) showed significant differences in the degree of aggression, self-control, violence exposure, and social support. Compared to the non-involved group, violence exposure significantly predicted traditional, cyber, and combined bullying. High aggression and low self-control significantly predicted both traditional and combined bullying, while low social support significantly predicted only cyberbullying.
Acute hepatitis A (AHA) involves severe CD8+ T cell-mediated liver injury. Here we showed during AHA, CD8+ T cells specific to unrelated viruses became activated. Hepatitis A virus (HAV)-infected ...cells produced IL-15 that induced T cell receptor (TCR)-independent activation of memory CD8+ T cells. TCR-independent activation of non-HAV-specific CD8+ T cells were detected in patients, as indicated by NKG2D upregulation, a marker of TCR-independent T cell activation by IL-15. CD8+ T cells derived from AHA patients exerted innate-like cytotoxicity triggered by activating receptors NKG2D and NKp30 without TCR engagement. We demonstrated that the severity of liver injury in AHA patients correlated with the activation of HAV-unrelated virus-specific CD8+ T cells and the innate-like cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells, but not the activation of HAV-specific T cells. Thus, host injury in AHA is associated with innate-like cytotoxicity of bystander-activated CD8+ T cells, a result with implications for acute viral diseases.
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•During acute hepatitis A (AHA), non-HAV-specific memory CD8+ T cells are activated•Non-HAV-specific CD8+ T cells are activated by IL-15 produced by HAV-infected cells•CD8+ T cells of AHA patients exert TCR-independent, innate-like cytotoxicity•Innate-like cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells is associated with liver injury in AHA
During acute hepatitis A, hepatitis A virus (HAV)-infected cells produce IL-15 that induces TCR-independent bystander activation of non-HAV-specific memory CD8+ T cells. These CD8+ T cells exert innate-like cytotoxicity triggered by NKG2D and NKp30 without TCR engagement. The severity of liver injury is associated with activation and innate-like cytotoxicity of non-HAV-specific CD8+ T cells, but not the activation of HAV-specific T cells. Thus, IL-15-induced bystander-activated CD8+ T cells are implicated in host injury during acute viral infection.
Korean cross-cultural kids (CCKs) are born in Korea but grow up interacting with two or more cultures. In this study, the researchers conducted a survey of 398 Korean CCKs who attended primary and ...secondary schools in Asia and North America to identify types of acculturation developed. Instruments used were the East Asian Acculturation Measure, the Psychological Well-Being Scale, and the Korean version of the Youth Self-Report. Cluster analysis yielded four acculturation types: integration dominant, assimilation dominant, separation dominant, and conflicting. The assimilation dominant type was pervasive among students in North America, whereas the separation dominant type was prevalent among students living in Asia. Regarding cultural adaptation, students with the conflicting acculturation type showed the lowest cultural adaptation, and the Asian students’ psychological adaptation level was found to be lower than the North American students’ level. Suggestions are offered for future researchers and helping professionals better understand the adjustment difficulties experienced by CCKs and inform adequate psychological support for them.
The intent of this study was to explore bystanders' personal and situational variables predicting their behavioural reactions to school bullying by investigating a sample of 298 college students who ...had witnessed bullying during middle or high school. Results indicated that the bystander personal variables, gender and past experience as a bully or bully-victim, significantly predicted their reactions to bullying. All three types of bullying (physical, verbal and social), plus bystander relationship with bully or victim were identified as significant situational predictors of bystander behaviour.
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