Human-induced deforestation has a major impact on forest ecosystems and therefore its detection and analysis methods should be improved. This study classified landscape affected by human-induced ...deforestation efficiently using high-resolution remote sensing and deep-learning. The SegNet and U-Net algorithms were selected for application with high-resolution remote sensing data obtained by the Kompsat-3 satellite. Land and forest cover maps were used as base data to construct accurate deep-learning datasets of deforested areas at high spatial resolution, and digital maps and a softwood database were used as reference data. Sites were classified into forest and non-forest areas, and a total of 13 areas (2 forest and 11 non-forest) were selected for analysis. Overall, U-Net was more accurate than SegNet (74.8% vs. 63.3%). The U-Net algorithm was about 11.5% more accurate than the SegNet algorithm, although SegNet performed better for the hardwood and bare land classes. The SegNet algorithm misclassified many forest areas, but no non-forest area. There was reduced accuracy of the U-Net algorithm due to misclassification among sub-items, but U-Net performed very well at the forest/non-forest area classification level, with 98.4% accuracy for forest areas and 88.5% for non-forest areas. Thus, deep-learning modeling has great potential for estimating human-induced deforestation in mountain areas. The findings of this study will contribute to more efficient monitoring of damaged mountain forests and the determination of policy priorities for mountain area restoration.
Plant genetic engineering, which has led to the production of plant-derived monoclonal antibodies (mAb(P)s), provides a safe and economically effective alternative to conventional antibody expression ...methods. In this study, the expression levels and biological properties of the anti-rabies virus mAb(P) SO57 with or without an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-retention peptide signal (Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu; KDEL) in transgenic tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum) were analyzed. The expression levels of mAb(P) SO57 with KDEL (mAb(P)K) were significantly higher than those of mAb(P) SO57 without KDEL (mAb(P)) regardless of the transcription level. The Fc domains of both purified mAb(P) and mAb(P)K and hybridoma-derived mAb (mAb(H)) had similar levels of binding activity to the FcγRI receptor (CD64). The mAb(P)K had glycan profiles of both oligomannose (OM) type (91.7%) and Golgi type (8.3%), whereas the mAb(P) had mainly Golgi type glycans (96.8%) similar to those seen with mAb(H). Confocal analysis showed that the mAb(P)K was co-localized to ER-tracker signal and cellular areas surrounding the nucleus indicating accumulation of the mAb(P) with KDEL in the ER. Both mAb(P) and mAb(P)K disappeared with similar trends to mAb(H) in BALB/c mice. In addition, mAb(P)K was as effective as mAb(H) at neutralizing the activity of the rabies virus CVS-11. These results suggest that the ER localization of the recombinant mAb(P) by KDEL reprograms OM glycosylation and enhances the production of the functional antivirus therapeutic antibody in the plant.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The maintenance of spindle pole integrity is essential for spindle assembly and chromosome segregation during mitosis. However, the underlying mechanisms governing spindle pole integrity remain ...unclear.
ENSA was inhibited by siRNA or MKI-2 treatment and its effect on cell cycle progression, chromosome alignment and microtubule alignment was observed by immunohistochemical staining and western blotting. PP2A-B55α knockdown by siRNA was performed to rescue the phenotype caused by ENSA inhibition. The interaction between ENSA and Aurora A was detected by in situ PLA. Furthermore, orthotopic implantation of 4Tl-luc cancer cells was conducted to confirm the consistency between the in vitro and in vivo relationship of the ENSA-Aurora A interaction.
During mitosis, p-ENSA is localized at the spindle poles, and the inhibition of ENSA results in mitotic defects, such as misaligned chromosomes, multipolar spindles, asymmetric bipolar spindles, and centrosome defects, with a delay in mitotic progression. Although the mitotic delay caused by ENSA inhibition was rescued by PP2A-B55α depletion, spindle pole defects persisted. Notably, we observed a interaction between ENSA and Aurora A during mitosis, and inhibition of ENSA reduced Aurora A expression at the mitotic spindle poles. Injecting MKI-2-sensitized tumors led to increased chromosomal instability and downregulation of the MASTL-ENSA-Aurora A pathway in an orthotopic breast cancer mouse model.
These findings provide novel insights into the regulation of spindle pole integrity by the MASTL-ENSA-Aurora A pathway during mitosis, highlighting the significance of ENSA in recruiting Aurora A to the spindle pole, independent of PP2A-B55α.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Bias compensation of rational polynomial coefficients (RPCs) is one of the most important preprocessing steps in high-resolution satellite image processing. It generally requires accurate ground ...control points (GCPs), but GCP acquisition is both time consuming and laborious. In this paper, we propose a time- and cost-efficient method for automated bias compensation of the RPC of high-resolution stereo image pairs. Two Korean Multi-purpose Satellite-2 (KOMPSAT-2) stereo image pairs acquired in Daejeon and Busan, Korea, and the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM) with the spatial resolution of 3 arcsec (~90 m) were used for analysis. In the two study areas, 33 and 29 check points were respectively used for the performance evaluation. After bias compensation with the proposed method, the root-mean-square (RMS) errors for both of the study areas were less than 10 m, in all coordinate components, while the RMS error vectors were approximately 10 m. Although the RMS error vectors were slightly larger than the standard deviations of the residual errors of the initial ground coordinates, it would seem that they yielded acceptable values because the proposed method largely depends on the spatial resolution, the error of the SRTM DEM, the tie point selection error, and so on. Therefore, it can be concluded that the proposed method allows for the automated bias compensation of RPCs of KOMPSAT-2 images.
Although MASTL (microtubule-associated serine/threonine kinase-like) is a key mitotic kinase that regulates mitotic progression through the inactivation of tumor suppressor protein phosphatase 2A ...(PP2A), the antitumor mechanism of MASTL targeting in cancer cells is still unclear.
MASTL expression was evaluated by using breast cancer tissue microarrays and public cancer databases. The effects of MASTL depletion with siRNAs were evaluated in various breast cancer cells or normal cells. Various methods, including cell viability, cell cycle, soft agar, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, PP2A activity, live image, and sphere forming assay, were used in this study.
This study showed the oncosuppressive mechanism of MASTL targeting that promotes mitotic catastrophe through PP2A activation selectively in breast cancer cells. MASTL expression was closely associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis in breast cancer. The depletion of MASTL reduced the oncogenic properties of breast cancer cells with high MASTL expression, but did not affect the viability of non-transformed normal cells with low MASTL expression. With regard to the underlying mechanism, we found that MASTL inhibition caused mitotic catastrophe through PP2A activation in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, MASTL depletion enhanced the radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells with increased PP2A activity. Notably, MASTL depletion dramatically reduced the formation of radioresistant breast cancer stem cells in response to irradiation.
Our data suggested that MASTL inhibition promoted mitotic catastrophe through PP2A activation, which led to the inhibition of cancer cell growth and a reversal of radioresistance in breast cancer cells.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract To realize economically feasible electrochemical CO 2 conversion, achieving a high partial current density for value-added products is particularly vital. However, acceleration of the ...hydrogen evolution reaction due to cathode flooding in a high-current-density region makes this challenging. Herein, we find that partially ligand-derived Ag nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) could prevent electrolyte flooding while maintaining catalytic activity for CO 2 electroreduction. This results in a high Faradaic efficiency for CO (>90%) and high partial current density (298.39 mA cm ‒2 ), even under harsh stability test conditions (3.4 V). The suppressed splitting/detachment of Ag particles, due to the lipid ligand, enhance the uniform hydrophobicity retention of the Ag-NP electrode at high cathodic overpotentials and prevent flooding and current fluctuations. The mass transfer of gaseous CO 2 is maintained in the catalytic region of several hundred nanometers, with the smooth formation of a triple phase boundary, which facilitate the occurrence of CO 2 RR instead of HER. We analyze catalyst degradation and cathode flooding during CO 2 electrolysis through identical-location transmission electron microscopy and operando synchrotron-based X-ray computed tomography. This study develops an efficient strategy for designing active and durable electrocatalysts for CO 2 electrolysis.
•General strategies to improve performance of cation-exchange membrane-based membrane electrode assembly electrolyzers.•Anion exchange ionomer, high-alkali cation concentration, and thick catalyst ...layer with carbon increases the pH gradient for neutralization.•Reducing neutralization boundary layer leads alkaline environment with high CO2RR selectivity.•Controlling local cation concentrations is necessary to avoid high membrane resistance.•Operation condition is also dominant factor for cation-exchange membrane-based electrolyzers.
For a CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), cation-exchange membrane (CEM)-based membrane electrode assembly (MEA) electrolyzers are among the most commercially viable systems; however, the acidic environment in these electrolyzers lowers the CO2RR selectivity. Herein, we outline broad methods for enhancing the performance of CEM MEA electrolyzers by providing an alkaline environment for the cathode. An appropriate amount of anion exchange ionomer, high-alkali cation concentration, and thick catalyst layer with carbon increase the pH gradient for neutralization and minimize the neutralization boundary layer, thus turning most of the catalyst layer into an alkaline environment with high CO2RR selectivity. To take advantage of cation effects, local cation concentrations must be controlled to avoid losing energy efficiency due to high membrane resistance of large cations. Furthermore, the operating conditions of the MEA electrolyzer influence cation concentration. Our study provides various insights into facilitating the development of CEM CO2 MEA electrolyzers for practical application.
Carbon-supported tungsten-seed-based 3D silver dendrite catalyst with abundant nanograin boundaries, exhibiting enhanced CO2 reduction performance and stability. The 3D dendrites improve CO2 mass ...transfer, while the abundant grain boundaries drive the AgxCyOz layer, leading to superior CO2R catalytic owing to the strong local electric fields. In a stand-alone photovoltaic-electrochemical system, we achieved a solar-to-CO efficiency of 12.1 % at 1 A.
Display omitted
•A tungsten-seed-based 3D silver dendrite (W@AgD) prepared for electrochemical CO2 reduction to CO.•W@AgD electrode in zero-gap electrolyzer achieved a CO partial current density of 400 mA cm–2 and CO2-to-CO conversion efficiency of 32.3%.•W@AgD electrode in zero-gap electrolyzer achieved a jCO of 400 mA cm−2 and CO2-to-CO conversion efficiency of 32.3 %.•CO FE of 90 % at a current density of 150 mA cm−2 was stably maintained for 100 h.•In a stand-alone photovoltaic-electrochemical system with 120 cm2, W@AgD showed a solar-to-CO efficiency (ηSTC) of 12.1 % at 1 A.
The electrochemical conversion of CO2 into CO using solar energy is the most efficient technique for artificial photosynthesis. However, many challenges remain, including the realisation of large-scale systems with high current density and stability. Herein, we report a carbon-supported tungsten-seed-based 3D silver dendrite (W@AgD) catalyst with abundant nanograin boundaries that exhibit enhanced CO2 reduction (CO2R) performance and stability. In zero-gap CO2 electrolyzer, W@AgD showed outstanding catalytic activity with a maximum CO partial current density of 400 mA cm–2 and stable operation for 100 h at 150 mA cm–2. The 3D dendrites improve CO2 mass transfer, while the abundant grain boundaries drive the AgxCyOz layer near the surface after activation, leading to superior CO2R catalytic activity owing to the strong local electric fields. In a stand-alone photovoltaic-electrochemical system, we achieved a solar-to-CO efficiency (ηSTC) of 12.1 % at 1 A. Thus, the synthesized catalyst and system are suitable for efficient solar energy storage.
PDF
