Essential oils are widely used in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries, and many plant essential oils had shown that they have a positive effect on broilers nutrition. This experiment was ...conducted to study the effects of orally administered different dosages of carvacrol essential oils on intestine barrier function in broiler chickens. A total of eighty 28-dayold (1.28 ± 0.15 kg) ROSS 308 broilers were randomly allocated to 4 groups of 20 replicates each, with 1 chicken per replicate per cage, and all were fed with the same diet. Four experimental groups were orally administered 0, 200, 300, or 400pL carvacrol essential oils at 18:00h every day for the two-week experimental period. As a result of which, the gene expression of the occluding, claudin-1, claudin-5, ZO-1, and ZO-2 in intestinal mucosa of the small intestine (Figure1), and the goblet cell content in small intestine epithelium (Table 1) were significantly increased(P < 0.05); Treatment with carvacrol essential oils significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the microbial counts of Salmonella spp. and E. coli in the intestines (Table2); Essential oils administration also significantly increased sucrase (P < 0.05) and lactase (P < 0.05) activity from intestinal mucosa (Table3). In conclusion, the carvacrol essential oils have positive effects on intestinal barriers function of broilers, the effects of which may be dosage dependent, as administration of 300 or 400pL were more effective than that of 200 pL carvacrol essential oils.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary oils on nutrient digestibility and energy utilization in pigs under heat stress (37 ± 2 °C) condition. Four experimental diets were ...tested using a 4 x 4 Latin square design using four barrows (Landrace x Yorkshire x Duroc, average initial body weight of 30 ± 1 kg) in individual metabolic cages per group. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial design with two levels of oils (1% or 3%) and two types of dietary oils (Canola oil and Soybean oil). Under optimal conditions, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), digestible energy (DE), and metabolizable energy (ME) were not significantly different among treatments. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency were not significantly different among treatments either. However, the interaction (p < 0.05) effect was detected on analyzed value of DE and ME.
To collect experimental data on the Lys:NE ratio, we conducted this study and investigated that whether the Lys: NE ratio could be more precisely predicted on the effect of feeding iso-energetic, ...different levels of CP and Lys-supplemented diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile, and meat quality in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 72 growing pigs (37.23 ± 0.31 kg) in Exp. 1 and 72 finishing pigs (54.16 ± 0.42 kg) in Exp. 2 were used in 6-wk and 11-wk experiments to evaluate the effects of reduced CP, Lysine (Lys): NE ratio on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and meat quality in growing-finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, diets were designed to contain 190 g/kg, 190 g/kg, or 172 g/kg CP and Lys: NE ratios of 0.91, 0.89, 0.89 g/MJ at 10.38 MJ of NE/ kg of diet. There were no differences on the ADG, ADFI and G:F when the Lys:NE ratio decreased(Table 1), no difference (P>0.05) was observed among treatments on the ATTD of DM, nitrogen and energy (Table 2). In Exp. 2, diets were formulated to contain 10.38 MJ/kg NE, 169.5 g/kg, 169.5 g/kg, 158 g/kg CP, and Lys:NE ratios of 0.79, 0.75, 0.75 g/MJ NE. No effects of treatments were observed on ADG, ADFI, G:F ratio, and BW was also not affected by dietary treatments (Table 3), The ATTD of N in 11 wk was greater in pigs fed a diet contained a Lys:NE ratio of 0.79 g/MJ (P<0.05) than those fed a diet containing a Lys:NE ratio of 0.75 g/MJ (Table4). Redness (a*) was decreased (P<0.05) and the marbling, firmness score increased (P<0.05) when the Lys:NE ratio decreased (Table 5). In conclusion, growth performance was not influenced when dietary protein level and Lys:NE ratio decreased in this experiment.
Motexafin gadolinium is a novel antineoplastic drug that disrupts cancer cell antioxidant systems, thus contributing to cellular death. In patients with lung cancer, motexafin gadolinium has been ...shown to increase the time to neurologic progression when given in combination with whole-brain radiotherapy in randomized phase III studies. Preclinical data suggest that this drug might also enhance the antineoplastic effects of chemotherapy.
In this one-arm, open label, phase I, dose-escalation study, we administered docetaxel (75 mg/m2), cisplatin (75 mg/m2), and motexafin gadolinium every 3 weeks to patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Twenty-one patients were treated at one of four motexafin dose levels.
The maximal tolerated motexafin dose was 10 mg/kg on day 1 of a 3-week cycle. Dose-limiting toxicities consisted of febrile neutropenia, hypertension, myocardial ischemia, and pneumonitis/pulmonary infiltrates. Other common grade 3–4 adverse events across all cohorts that did not appear to be exacerbated by motexafin gadolinium included granulocytopenia, fatigue, dehydration, nausea, and vomiting. Two episodes of myocardial ischemia and one sudden death of unknown cause were observed. Response rates were partial response (10%), stable disease (60%), and disease progression (30%).
The regimen studied was tolerable and showed activity in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. The recommended doses for future phase II trials are motexafin gadolinium 10 mg/kg, docetaxel 75 mg/m2, and cisplatin 75 mg/m2 intravenously on day 1 every 3 weeks. Caution is advised in patients with a history of cardiovascular disease.
Our previous study showed that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist 15-deoxy-PGJ2 has the promoting ability to differentiate neuronal PC12 cells. To expand our study, ...the effect of 15-deoxy-PGJ2 on the differentiation of embryonic midbrain cells into dopaminergic neuronal cells was investigated in this study. The relationship between cell differentiation with activation of PPAR-γ and the possible signal pathway were also investigated. 15-Deoxy-PGJ2 increased neurite extension, a typical characteristic of the differentiation of embryonic midbrain cells isolated from 12-day rat embryos in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of differentiation markers, neurofilament, tyrosine hydroxylase, and nestin, was also increased by the treatment of 15-deoxy-PGJ2. Consistent with the increasing effect on cell differentiation, 15-deoxy-PGJ2 increased the expression and transcriptional activity of PPAR-γ in cultured embryonic midbrain cells. In addition, the expression of PPAR-γ and NeuN in the differentiated neuron of fetus (17 days) and adult rat brain was co-localized. Furthermore, treatment of PPAR-γ antagonist bisphenol A diglycidyl ether blocked 15-deoxy-PGJ2-induced neuronal differentiation of embryonic midbrain cells and expression of PPAR-γ. To elucidate the possible signal pathway, the activation of mitogenic-activated protein (MAP) kinase family was determined. 15-Deoxy-PGJ2 (0.5 μM) increased activation of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 kinase but not extra-signal response kinase (ERK). In addition, NGF (50 ng/ml) further increased the 15-deoxy-PGJ2-induced JNK activation. Moreover, pretreatment of specific inhibitor of JNK SP600125 blocked the 15-deoxy-PGJ2-induced JNK activation. This inhibition correlated well with the inhibition of neurite extension and expression of PPAR-γ induced by 15-deoxy-PGJ2. The present results therefore indicate that 15-deoxy-PGJ2 stimulates differentiation of embryonic midbrain cells into dopaminergic neuronal cells, and its effect may be PPAR-γ and JNK signal pathway dependent.
Little is known about whether vascular risk factors predispose to atherosclerotic stroke depending on age. We evaluated predictors of large vessel atherosclerotic stroke (LVAS) stratified by age in ...two geographically and racially distinct study populations.
Data collected over a 4-year period in prospectively maintained registries on 3,053 subjects with ischemic cerebrovascular events were analyzed: 1,982 patients from a hospital in South Korea and 1,071 patients admitted to a hospital in Los Angeles, Calif., USA. Independent vascular risk factor associations with LVAS mechanism were evaluated in three groups stratified by age (years) at symptom onset: young (<or=50 years), older (51-75 years), and oldest (>75 years).
Altogether at both study sites, 972 (31.8%) patients had LVAS mechanism, of whom 391 (40.2%) were female. Risk factor profiles were not significantly different between LVAS versus other stroke mechanisms. Among young patients, after adjusting for covariates, current smoking was the only predictor of atherosclerotic stroke at both Korean (OR 2.04; 95% CI: 1.13-3.69) and Californian sites (OR 4.78, 95% CI 1.54-14.89), while the metabolic syndrome was the only predictor of atherosclerotic stroke among the older patients (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.17-2.12 for Korean; OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.07-2.84 for Californian), but not in the young or oldest groups.
Across race and region, the estimated impact of vascular risk factors for LVAS varies by age, and this is most prominently seen among persons of less than 76 years of age. Some risk factors have an early effect (smoking) and others an effect that plays out over time.
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of birth season, gender (castrated male; female) and paternal line (Darby Duroc, DD; Darby genetics Inc., Anseong, Korea & Chookjin ...Duroc, CD; Rural development administration., Suwon, South Korea) on growth performance and carcass traits in pigs. A total of 2888 piglets (Landrace x Yorkshire) x Darby or Chookjin Duroc with average 3 weeks (wk) were used for 22 weeks during each season (spring=608, summer=404, fall=576 and winter=1300). Individual pig body weight (BW) was recorded, and feed consumption was recorded at 2 weeks, 12 weeks and 22 to determine growth performance. Also, after reaching the marketed weight, backfat thickness was determined at last rib and meat grade was divided by the criteria in slaughterhouse. In current experiment, there are no significant difference and interaction between gender and parental line on growth performance like average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and Gain: Feed (G:F) ratio of pigs born in seasons. However, in fall and winter born pigs, females had greater body weight (BW; 8, 16 and final week; P<0.05), ADG, ADFI (fall: 0–8 wk, 8–16 wk and 0–22 wk; winter: 8–16 wk and 16–22 wk; P<0.05) and lower G:F ratio than castrated males. Also, the spring born pigs tended to have greater final BW and ADG compared to those of other seasons born pigs. In the carcass traits, pigs given CD line and castrated male pigs had greater backfat thickness (P=0.02, P=0.02) and Pork grade (P=0.001, P=0.008) than those of pigs given DD line and female pigs in the spring. In conclusion, temperature of spring and new parental line help to improve growth performance and carcass traits.
This experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of birth season, gender (castrated male; female) and paternal line (Darby Duroc, DD; Darby genetics Inc., Anseong, Korea & Chookjin Duroc, ...CD; Rural development administration., Suwon, South Korea) on growth performance and carcass traits in pigs. A total of 2888 piglets (Landrace x Yorkshire) x Darby or Chookjin Duroc with average 3 weeks (wk) were used for 22 weeks during each season (spring=608, summer=404, fall=576 and winter=1300). Individual pig body weight (BW) was recorded, and feed consumption was recorded at 2 weeks, 12 weeks and 22 to determine growth performance. Also, after reaching the marketed weight, backfat thickness was determined at last rib and meat grade was divided by the criteria in slaughterhouse. In current experiment, there are no significant difference and interaction between gender and parental line on growth performance like average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and Gain: Feed (G:F) ratio of pigs born in seasons. However, in fall and winter born pigs, females had greater body weight (BW; 8, 16 and final week; P<0.05), ADG, ADFI (fall: 0-8 wk, 8-16 wk and 0-22 wk; winter: 8-16 wk and 16-22 wk; P<0.05) and lower G:F ratio than castrated males. Also, the spring born pigs tended to have greater final BW and ADG compared to those of other seasons born pigs. In the carcass traits, pigs given CD line and castrated male pigs had greater backfat thickness (P=0.02, P=0.02) and Pork grade (P=0.001, P=0.008) than those of pigs given DD line and female pigs in the spring. In conclusion, temperature of spring and new parental line help to improve growth performance and carcass traits.
Abstract Background Vascular localization of symptomatic large artery atherosclerotic (LAA) stroke differs for unknown reasons by race-ethnicity. The metabolic syndrome (MetSD) is associated with ...higher atherosclerotic stroke risk and comprises abnormal risk factors that can vary by race. Thus, we investigated whether MetSD may contribute to race-ethnic differences in LAA stroke by examining the association of MetSD with symptomatic intra- and extracranial atherosclerosis among a diverse race-ethnic group. Method We analyzed data prospectively collected over a 4-year period on subjects with ischemic stroke/TIA. Independent vascular risk factor associations with intracranial and extracranial LAA vs. non-LAA mechanism were evaluated in two groups stratified by race-ethnicity; whites and non-whites (Hispanics, African-American, and Asian-American). Results 1167 patients met study criteria. Intracranial LAA was more prevalent in non-whites vs. whites (20.4% vs . 9.6%, P < 0.001), while extracranial LAA had a more frequent point value in whites compared to non-whites (10.7% vs . 7.5%, P = 0.267). The presence of MetSD was more prevalent in both intracranial and extracranial LAA group than in non-LAA group: no significant differences were observed in the prevalence of MetSD between intra vs. extracranial LAA or whites vs. non-whites. However, with increasing numbers of abnormal metabolic components, whites were more likely to have experienced extracranial LAA, whereas non-whites were more likely to have experienced intracranial LAA. After adjusting for covariates, MetSD was associated with extracranial LAA in whites (OR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.13–3.45), while there was a tendency that intracranial LAA was associated with MetSD in non-whites (OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 0.97–3.32). No association was found between MetSD and extracranial LAA in non-whites and between this syndrome with intracranial LAA in whites. Conclusions Our results showed that the impact of MetSD on the distribution of cervicocephalic atherosclerosis differed by race-ethnicity. This finding may in part explain the well-known differences in race-ethnic predilection to intracranial or extracranial atherosclerosis.
New biomarkers for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients are being sought to help predict disease outcome, guide treatment, and develop new treatments. In the present study, the ...association between a novel functional C/T polymorphism in the core promoter of cytosine DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 3B6 and overall survival of HNSCC patients was investigated. Genomic DNA was extracted from tumor tissue and leukocytes from each HNSCC patient. We used the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay to determine the DNMT3B genotype. Kaplan-Meier product-limit method and univariate/multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to correlate DNMT3B genotype with overall survival of HNSCC patients who underwent surgical resection. There was a marked association between DNMT3B C/T polymorphism and overall survival of HNSCC patients (P=0.004). The homozygotes (CC-genotype and TT-genotype) survived significantly longer than the heterozygotes (CT-type). The multivariate Cox proportional hazard modeling showed that HNSCC patients with CT-genotype had a hazard ratio of 4.829 over patients with CC-genotype or TT-genotype. A DNMT3B C/T polymorphism has been correlated with survival differences in HNSCC patients. If validated in larger studies, this polymorphism might be used to identify deleterious patterns of gene silencing by methylation in HNSCC.
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