Activated carbon material was synthesized by two stage pyrolysis and chemical activation method using arhar fiber biomass as precursor. The effect of activation temperature on the characteristics of ...activated carbon materials was explored. Temperatures of 700°C, 800°C, and 900°C were used for the production of activated carbon materials. BET surface area, pore size, and pore volume were studied using N2 adsorption analysis. Activated carbon prepared at 800°C temperature was found to be effective; exhibited 504.6 m2/g surface area and pore volume of 0.245569 cm3/g with micropores of less than 20 Å diameter. XRD analysis of the material exhibited broad and sharp peaks in the range of 18 to 30 (2θ), confirming amorphous structure. From thermogravimetric analysis, it was noticed that activated carbon has high thermal stability. It was left with 62% of residual mass when subjected to 1400°C temperature. Activated carbon material synthesized at 800°C was used as filler while epoxy functioned as matrix material for fabrication of composites. The effect of filler loading on the tensile strength of composites was studied. Tensile strength of composite material increased with addition of filler loading. It was observed that composite with 2% filler loading had a maximum tensile strength of 56 MPa.
The present study focuses on the mechanical and erosive wear properties of functionally-graded polymer materials (FGPMs) and functionally-graded hybrid composites. Polyester resin is used as a ...polymeric matrix, while titanium dioxide (TiO
2
) and aluminum (Al) as particles and glass fiber (GG) as fiber reinforcements are used in the composites. The samples are fabricated through the lay-up lamination technique. Initially, four-layered FGPMs were fabricated using TiO
2
and Al particles individually in weight percentages varying from 2 to 8% (by wt). Then, four-layered hybrid functionally-graded composites were prepared using 2–4% (by wt) Al and TiO
2
along with two layers of glass fibers. A comparison among functionally-graded materials and functionally-graded hybrid materials in terms of mechanical strength (tensile, flexural and interlaminar) and erosion behavior is evaluated on a universal testing machine and air jet erosion testing apparatus, respectively. The improved tensile strength is shown by aluminum-based functionally-graded and hybrid functionally-graded composites owing to their greater ductility. Nevertheless, titanium dioxide-based functional- graded and hybrid functional-graded composites exhibited greater flexural strength due to their high hardness. From the erosion results, Al and TiO
2
functional-graded composites revealed semi-ductile and semi-brittle behavior, respectively. Moreover, hybrid functional composites display altered material behavior at their extreme layers. Two layers of glass fiber (GG) with Al (2.4% by wt) filler functional composite achieved 1.91% maximum tensile strength compared to Al (2, 4, 6, 8% by wt) filler composite.
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During the last century, natural fibers and particulates are used as reinforcement in polymer composite that has been continuously growing in the composite industry. This polymer matrix composite has ...wide range of applications in hostile environment where they are exposed to external attacks such as solid particle erosion. Also, the mechanical properties of different polymer composites show the best alternate to replace the metal material. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to improve the mechanical and tribological behaviour of polymer matrix composite using wood apple shell particles as a filler material in polymer matrix. Also the temperature variation of the dynamic-mechanical parameters of epoxy matrix composites incorporated with 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt% of wood apple shell particles was investigated by DMA test. It is clearly observed that the incorporation of wood apple shell particles tends to increase the tensile strength, flexural strength, erosive wear resistance, and viscoelastic stiffness of the polymer composite. To validate the results, SEM of the polymer matrix composite has been studied.
This study examines how irregular surfaces and debonding affect jute/epoxy composites. The study used micromechanics and finite element (FE) analysis to investigate properties such as elastic modulus ...in the longitudinal (E
1
) and transverse (E
2
) directions, major (ν
12
) and minor (ν
21
) Poisson's ratios, and interfacial stresses (σ
1
, σ
2
, and τ
12
, τ
23
, τ
13
). The FE models were validated using experimental and analytical results, which showed good agreement. Then, the FE model was extended to analyse the influence of different fibre volume fractions (V
f
) on jute/epoxy composites with varied irregular surfaces (IRS%) and debonding (DBS%). The interfacial stress was compared across these variables. DBS% caused significant variation in E
2
and σ
2
, while IRS% led to out-of-shear stresses that crossed the threshold. An increase in IRS% and DBS% at a constant fibre volume fraction did not significantly affect E
1
. However, increasing V
f
from 10-70% increased E
1
by 168%. E
2
, on the other hand, decreased with V
f
by 63-68%. Both IRS% and DBS% had a significant influence on interfacial stresses.
Over the last few decades, extensive research has been carried out in the field of bioactive scaffolds as replacement material in bone-tissue engineering. The scaffolds have been fabricated employing ...a combination of biodegradable polymers (due to their biocompatibility and adaptive degradation) and bioactive glass (to impart strength and bioactivity). In this review, a detailed study on the mechanical behavior of polymer-bioactive glass scaffold has been conducted, revealing insufficient strength compared to human cortical bone. The impact of ceramic filler content on the in-vitro bioactivity and biodegradability of scaffold have been discussed. Finally, the rationale and approach for fabricating these 3-D scaffolds with well-distributed and interconnected pores have been reviewed.
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•The manuscript emphasizes on the mechanical and in-vitro study of polymer reinforced bioactive glass-scaffolds.•Different scaffold fabrication techniques have also been discussed.•Porosity and pore interconnectivity are an integral part of any scaffold to ensure diffusion of Oxygen and cell nutrients.•The incorporation of bioactive glass in polymer improves its mechanical stability and biological properties.
Biomass waste processing with a potential to commercialization is always concern for achieving sustainable ecosystem. In the current work, biochar was extracted from the arhar stalks (AS) and bael ...shells (BS) biowaste which has carbon as major constituent. As a result, biochar in particle form has excellent mechanical and tribological properties and hence when combined with epoxy forms a composite with enhanced tribological properties. In this context, the biochar epoxy composites were prepared with three different compositions of 2, 4, and 6% wt, and characterized for adsorption and solid erosion wear studies. The adsorption studies conferred that BS biochar materials consist large Brunauer–Emmet–Teller surface area, that is, 294.3393 m2/g and pore volume of 0.13166 cm3/g comparative to AS biochar materials. It was observed from the results that BS based biochar epoxy composites displayed excellent enhancement in erosion wear resistance of about 52% comparative to pure epoxy that of AS at 2%. Alongside further increment in the composition of the biochar constituent to 4% exhibited semi ductile behavior with a peak wear rate at 45° impact angle. Applications pertaining to the realized composites in the current work is expected to meet the aerospace and automotive industries in specific.
The research article aims to investigate the mechanical and tribological characteristics of bioactive glass specimens comprising 31B2O3-20SiO2-24.5Na2O-(24.5-x) CaO and xZrO2 (mol%). This glass ...system was partially derived from bio-waste, with varying concentrations of Zirconia (ZrO2) represented x (x = 0, 1, 3, and 5). The specimens were fabricated using the traditional melt-quench method. Mechanical studies like hardness and compressive strength were measured using Vickers hardness tester and universal tensile machine respectively, while a pin-on-disk tribometer was used to analyze the tribological characteristics. All the specimens were soaked in SBF for a week to assess in-vitro bioactivity. The research findings indicate that Zirconia inclusion resulted in a significant reduction in the intensity of hydroxyapatite peaks of FTIR and XRD spectra, suggesting a decrease in bioactivity. However, it concurrently resulted in increased glass hardness, with the highest value (∼7.55 GPa) observed in the BSG-5 glass sample. Similarly, compressive strength results demonstrated maximum strength in BSG-5 glass specimen, with a value of approximately ∼132 MPa. Moreover, the tribological properties of the glass system were enhanced, evident from the reduced coefficient of friction and specific wear rate. Notably, the BSG-5 glass specimen exhibited the least wear coefficient of 0.018 mm3/N-m at a track radius of 40 mm and a load of 15N. These findings were further supported by SEM images of the worn-out ZrO2-Doped Borosilicate Glass surface. Overall, the results suggest that the addition of Zirconia to borosilicate glass holds promise for improving its mechanical and tribological characteristics. However, this enhancement comes at the expense of its bioactivity. Consequently, the modified glass system presents a cost effective viable option for various applications, particularly in load-bearing and dental applications.
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