Since 1997, groups of novel nonenveloped DNA viruses with a circular, single-stranded (negative sense) DNA genome of 3.6–3.9 kb, 3.2 kb, or 2.8–2.9 kb in size have been discovered and designated ...Torque teno virus (TTV), Torque teno midi virus (TTMDV), and Torque teno mini virus (TTMV), respectively, in the floating genus Anellovirus . These three anelloviruses frequently and ubiquitously infect humans, and the infections are characterized by lifelong viremia and great genetic variability. Although TTV infection has been epidemiologically suggested to be associated with many diseases including liver diseases, respiratory disorders, hematological disorders, and cancer, there is no direct causal evidence for links between TTV infection and specific clinical diseases. The pathogenetic role of TTMV and TTMDV infections remains unknown. The changing ratio of the three anelloviruses to each other over time, relative viral load, or combination of different genotype(s) of each anellovirus may be associated with the pathogenicity or the disease-inducing potential of these three human anelloviruses. To clarify their disease association, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) systems for accurately detecting, differentiating, and quantitating all of the genotypes and/or genogroups of TTV, TTMDV, and TTMV should be established and standardized, as should methods to detect past infections and immunological responses to anellovirus infections.
Chiral molecules can exhibit spin-selective charge emission, which is known as chirality-induced spin selectivity
. Despite the constituent light elements of the molecules, their spin polarization ...can approach or even exceed that of typical ferromagnets. This powerful capability may lead to applications in the chiral spintronics
field. Although the origin of spin selectivity is elusive, two microscopic phenomena have been suggested based on experimental results: effective enhancement of spin-orbit interactions
and chirality represented by a pair of oppositely polarized spins
. However, the hypotheses remain to be verified. Here we report the simultaneous observation of these two phenomena in an organic chiral superconductor by magnetoresistance measurements in the vicinity of the superconducting transition temperature. A pair of oppositely polarized spins is demonstrated by spatially mapping the spin polarity in an electric alternating current excitation. The obtained spin polarization exceeds that of the Edelstein effect
by several orders of magnitude, which indicates an effective enhancement of the spin-orbit interaction. Our results demonstrate a solid-state analogue of spin accumulations assumed for chiral molecules, and may provide clues to the origin of their molecular counterparts. In addition, the innovative capability of spin-current sourcing will invigorate superconducting spintronics research
.
ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Hepeviridae Purdy, Michael A; Harrison, Tim J; Jameel, S ...
Journal of general virology,
11/2017, Letnik:
98, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The family Hepeviridae includes enterically transmitted small non-enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses. It includes the genera Piscihepevirus, whose members infect fish, and Orthohepevirus, whose ...members infect mammals and birds. Members of the genus Orthohepevirus include hepatitis E virus, which is responsible for self-limiting acute hepatitis in humans and several mammalian species; the infection may become chronic in immunocompromised individuals. Extrahepatic manifestations of Guillain-Barré syndrome, neuralgic amyotrophy, glomerulonephritis and pancreatitis have been described in humans. Avian hepatitis E virus causes hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome in chickens. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Hepeviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/hepeviridae.
Summary
Background
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used for the treatment of acid‐related diseases. Vonoprazan is a member of a new class of acid suppressants; potassium‐competitive acid ...blockers. Vonoprazan may thus be an alternative to PPIs.
Aim
To evaluate efficacy, rapidity and duration of acid‐inhibitory effects of vonoprazan vs. two control PPIs, esomeprazole and rabeprazole, in 20 healthy Japanese adult male volunteers with CYP2C19 extensive metaboliser genotype.
Methods
In this randomised, open‐label, two‐period cross‐over study, vonoprazan 20 mg and esomeprazole 20 mg (Study V vs. E) or rabeprazole 10 mg (Study V vs. R) were orally administered daily for 7 days. Primary pharmacodynamic endpoint was gastric pH over 24 h measured as percentage of time pH ≥3, ≥4 and ≥5 (pH holding time ratios; HTRs) and mean gastric pH.
Results
Acid‐inhibitory effect (pH4 HTR) of vonoprazan was significantly greater than that of esomeprazole or rabeprazole on both Days 1 and 7; Day 7 difference in pH4 HTR for vonoprazan vs. esomeprazole was 24.6% 95% confidence interval (CI): 16.2–33.1 and for vonoprazan vs. rabeprazole 28.8% 95% CI: 17.2–40.4. The Day 1 to Day 7 ratio of 24‐h pH4 HTRs was >0.8 for vonoprazan, compared with 0.370 for esomeprazole and 0.393 for rabeprazole. Vonoprazan was generally well tolerated. One vonoprazan subject withdrew due to a rash which resolved after discontinuation.
Conclusions
This study demonstrated a more rapid and sustained acid‐inhibitory effect of vonoprazan 20 mg vs. esomeprazole 20 mg or rabeprazole 10 mg. Therefore, vonoprazan may be a potentially new treatment for acid‐related diseases.
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