Several international studies have shown that abuse or mistreatment is a regular phenomenon faced by medical students. However, there is limited information on medical student abuse/mistreatment in ...Nigeria. The study was therefore conducted to assess the prevalence and patterns of mistreatment experienced by Medical Students in the University of Calabar.
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 451 undergraduate medical trainees in the University of Calabar. Systematic sampling was used in recruiting participants into the study. A self-administered questionnaire was then employed to obtain information on patterns of mistreatment experienced by medical undergraduates. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists version 19 and level of significance set at <0.05.
More than a third (35.5%) of all respondents interviewed had experienced one or more forms of mistreatment during their training, with 38.5% of them experiencing it weekly. The most common form of mistreatment experienced was verbal abuse (52.5%), and the main perpetrators of these incidents were medical consultants, (18.6%) other cadre of doctors (17.3%) and lecturers (14.4%). Being in the clinical level of study and aged above 25 years were significantly associated with experiencing mistreatment in this study (P < 0.05). However, only 8.8% reported these incidents.
With more than a third of undergraduate medical trainees experiencing mistreatment, development of appropriate strategies for the prevention and reduction of these incidents are strongly recommended.
T-1095A and T-1095 are synthetic agents derived from phlorizin, a specific inhibitor of Na+-glucose cotransporters (SGLTs). Unlike phlorizin, T-1095 is absorbed into the circulation via oral ...administration, is metabolized to the active form, T-1095A, and suppresses the activity of SGLTs in the kidney. Orally administered T-1095 increases urinary glucose excretion in diabetic animals, thereby decreasing blood glucose levels. Indeed, the postprandial hyperglycemia after a meal load was shown to be suppressed by this compound in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. With long-term T-1095 treatment, both blood glucose and HbA1c levels were reduced in STZ-induced diabetic rats and yellow KK mice. In addition, there was amelioration of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism, i.e., hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia, and of the development of microalbuminuria, in yellow KK mice. Thus, T-1095 may be a useful antidiabetic drug, providing a novel therapeutic approach for diabetes.
A method for the chemical recycling of poly(carbonate) plastic wastes in the form of a diol monomer, i.e. bis(hydroxyethyl) ether of bisphenol A (BPA), was investigated. Treatment of poly(carbonate) ...pellets (PC) in ethylene glycol (EG) with a catalytic amount of NaOH (0.1
equiv) produced monohydroxyethyl ether of BPA (MHE-BPA, 42%), bishydroxyethyl ether of BPA (BHE-BPA, 11%) and BPA (42%). When 1.6
mol equiv ethylene carbonate (EC) was added to the same reaction system, BHE-BPA was produced quantitatively. Furthermore, the reaction of BPA with EC was shown to produce both BHE-BPA and MHE-BPA. This result indicates that EC was formed as an intermediate in the base-catalyzed reaction of PC with EG. However, a large proportion of this EC formed from PC was lost by decarboxylation. Therefore, additional EC from an outside source must be supplied for the quantitative preparation of BHE-BPA.
Solvolysis of 4-alkoxycarbonyl-(or 4-acyl)-3-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolizinium ylides (1−4) was studied and three types of reactions were found to proceed competitively. Thus, alcoholysis afforded ...the Chichibabin rearrangement products, 2,3-dihydro-2-indolizinones (5−8), solvolysis in trifluoroethanol or in aqueous methanol caused ring opening (and subsequent ester cleavage) to 2-alkoxycarbonylethylpyridinium-1-acetates 10, 15, and 16, and hydrolysis resulted in ring opening to 1-alkoxycarbonylmethylpyridinium-2-propionates 11 or 13 (and subsequently to 12 or 14). Characteristically, all the types of reactions proceeded significantly faster with t-butoxycarbonyl substituted ylides than with smaller alkoxycarbonyl substituted ones. The general mechanism for the solvolysis, involving a ketene intermediate, is proposed based on kinetic measurements.
The KOH-catalyzed depolymerization of vulcanized silicone rubbers to reproduce cyclosiloxane monomers was studied. First, the depolymerization was carried out in toluene with varying amounts of KOH ...to find that the yield of monomers first increased and then decreased with the increment of KOH, the highest yield was 65% at the molar ratio KOH/(Si–O) units=0.08. At the molar ratio 0.13 in the absence of solvent, the monomers yield was 46%. However, when an acid buffer such as KH
2PO
4 and KCOOC
6H
4COOH was added after the KOH-catalyzed depolymerization was over, the product yield was increased remarkably to more than 80%.
Hypertension is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Over a quarter of patients with hypertension have uncontrolled hypertension. Lifestyle modification has been shown to improve ...blood pressure control, thus measures that would help patients with hypertension achieve positive lifestyle modification would improve BP control. The study aims to determine the effect of motivational interviews on lifestyle modification and blood pressure control among patients with hypertension attending the Family Medicine Clinics of Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital (ISTH), Irrua, Nigeria.
The proposed study will be a randomised control trial (PACTR202301917477205). About 212 adults between 18 and 65 years with hypertension presenting to the Family Medicine Clinics of ISTH will be randomised into intervention and control groups. The intervention group will be given a motivational interview (MI) on lifestyle modification at the start of the study and monthly for 6 months in addition to standard care for the management of hypertension. The control group will be given standard care for the management of hypertension only without MI and seen monthly for 6 months. Both groups will be assessed at baseline and 6 months. At baseline, a qualitative technique will be used to determine the reason for not adopting lifestyle modification.
The primary outcome shall be lifestyle modification at 6 months while the secondary outcome shall be blood pressure control at 6 months.
Findings from the study will provide cost-effective ways of blood pressure control and reduction in the disease burden of hypertension in Nigeria.
The effect of T-1095, an inhibitor of renal glucose reabsorption, on hyperglycemia and the expression of Na
+-glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) and facilitative glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in ...streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was examined. There was an elevation of blood glucose, hemoglobin A
1c (HbA
1c), kidney weight, and urinary excretion of both glucose and albumin in STZ rats. Administration of 0.03% and 0.1% (wt/wt diet) T-1095 to STZ rats for 4 weeks improved the hyperglycemia and dose-dependently decreased HbA
1c. Moreover, treatment with 0.1% (wt/wt diet) T-1095 in STZ rats for 8 weeks not only reduced blood glucose and HbA
1c levels but also prevented the elevation of urinary albumin levels and kidney weight and the development of epithelial vacuolation. The expression of renal SGLT2, a major glucose transporter in the kidney, was not different in normal, STZ, and T-1095-treated STZ rats. In contrast, the elevated renal GLUT2 level in STZ rats was suppressed by T-1095. These data suggest that T-1095 improves hyperglycemia by suppressing the renal reabsorption of glucose, which results in a suppression of the development of functional and histological changes and abnormal expression of GLUT2 in the kidney.
