In the context of open science, the availability of research materials is essential for knowledge accumulation and to maximize the impact of scientific research. In microbiology, microbial domain ...biological resource centers (mBRCs) have long-standing experience in preserving and distributing authenticated microbial strains and genetic materials (e.g., recombinant plasmids and DNA libraries) to support new discoveries and follow-on studies. These culture collections play a central role in the conservation of microbial biodiversity and have expertise in cultivation, characterization, and taxonomy of microorganisms. Information associated with preserved biological resources is recorded in databases and is accessible through online catalogues. Legal expertise developed by mBRCs guarantees end users the traceability and legality of the acquired material, notably with respect to the Nagoya Protocol. However, awareness of the advantages of depositing biological materials in professional repositories remains low, and the necessity of securing strains and genetic resources for future research must be emphasized. This review describes the unique position of mBRCs in microbiology and molecular biology through their history, evolving roles, expertise, services, challenges, and international collaborations. It also calls for an increased deposit of strains and genetic resources, a responsibility shared by scientists, funding agencies, and publishers. Journal policies requesting a deposit during submission of a manuscript represent one of the measures to make more biological materials available to the broader community, hence fully releasing their potential and improving openness and reproducibility in scientific research.
SUMMARY
The objective of this study was to evaluate abomasal cytokine responses in helminth‐naive calves and calves vaccinated with protective antigen fractions from Ostertagia ostertagi after an ...experimental challenge infection with infective third stage (L3) larvae. Abomasal lymph nodes and/or abomasal mucosa were collected and messenger RNA for the Th1 cytokines (IFN‐γ, IL‐2, IL‐12 p40 subunit), the Th2 cytokines (IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐13, IL‐15) and the Th3/Tr cytokine TGF‐β was quantified by real‐time RT‐PCR. Vaccination had no effect on cytokine profiles in either the abomasal lymph nodes or the abomasal mucosa. However, following infection all calves showed a significant decrease in the Th1 cytokines, IFN‐γ and IL‐12 p40, and a significant increase in the Th2 cytokines, IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐10 and IL‐13 in the lymph nodes, compared to non‐infected calves. No correlation between the Th2 response and protection induced by vaccination could be demonstrated. In contrast, a Th2 pattern was not observed in the mucosa of the infected calves, which exhibited an increase in IFN‐γ as well as in the Th2 cytokines IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐10 mRNA. No significant association was observed in the abomasal mucosa between any examined cytokine mRNA level and immune effector responses such as parasite‐specific antibodies or the number of mucosal mast cells or eosinophils.
Chaïm Perelman, alone, and in collaboration with Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca, developed the New Rhetoric Project (NRP), which is in use throughout the world. Sir Brian Vickers, in his historical survey of ...rhetoric and philosophy for the Oxford Encyclopaedia of Rhetoric, states that the NRP is “one of the most influential modern formulations of rhetorical theory.” This book provides the first deep contextualization of the project’s origins, offers seven original translations of the writings of Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca from French into English, and details how their collaboration effectively addresses then philosophical problems of our age.
Dasatanib is a second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor with activity on the BCR-ABL fusion gene. it is used in the treatment of BCR-ABL positive chronic myeloid leukaemia and has the known side ...effect of pleural effusion. This usually involves exudate with the presence of lymphocytes. A more common side effect is the development of chylothorax. We describe a case of a 67-years-old man with chronic myeloid leukaemia, for which treatment with dasatinib, with the presence of a right-sided chylothorax. The man presented at an outpatient consultation due to complaints for exertional dyspnoea. Radiographic imaging showed the presence of right-sided pleural effusion. Several punctures were performed with an evacuation of 4,900 mL bloody chylous fluid in total. Each puncture revealed an increased concentration of triglycerides on the fluid, hence confirming a recurring chylothorax. A pleurodesis was performed as a final therapy. Bosutinib was substituted for dasatinib eight months prior to initial admission, making this the first reported persisting dasatinib-induced chylothorax after discontinuation.
β-Alanine (BA) supplementation has become an ergogenic aid amongst competitive athletes to augment intramuscular carnosine content, leading to higher buffer capacity and exercise performance. We ...investigated 27 regularly trained young males and females who were randomly allocated either to placebo (PL) or BA ingestion for 8 weeks. Every single day, BA or PL (4.0–5.6 g day⁻¹) supplements were ingested by participants and associated with a strong plyometric high-intensity training (two sessions per week during the 8 weeks). Before and after training, maximal jump heights were recorded during squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) and an index of fatigue was recorded as a mean height of 45 consecutive CMJ. Blood lactate was measured at rest, after completing the fatigue test and every 5 min thereafter up to 30 min recovery. After plyometric training, SJ and CMJ were increased, respectively, by 8.8 and 6.4 % in PL group and 9.9 and 11.0 % in BA group (p < 0.01, no difference between groups). Blood lactate reached a maximal value of 9.4 ± 1.6 mmol l⁻¹ in PL group, and 10.3 ± 1.3 mmol l⁻¹ in BA group, with a slight better performance in the fatigue test (+8.6 %, p ≤ 0.01) for BA group as compared to PL group. To conclude, 2-month β-alanine supplementation resulted in a slight improvement of explosive force after 45 maximal consecutive jumps in young athletes. However, the practical adequacy of supplementation remains questionable in an active and healthy population.
The quality of the silicon-buried oxide bonded interface of SOI devices created by thin Si film transfer and bonding over pre-patterned cavities, aiming at fabrication of DG and SON MOSFETs, is ...studied by means of chargepumping (CP) measurements. It is demonstrated that thanks to the chemical activation step, the quality of the bonded interface is remarkably good. Good agreement between values of front-interface threshold voltage determined from CP and I-V measurements is obtained.
The new salts trans‐4′‐(dimethylamino)‐N‐R‐4‐stilbazolium hexafluorophosphate (R = methyl, Me 1, phenyl, Ph 2, 2,4‐dinitrophenyl, DNPh 3, 2‐pyrimidyl, Pym 4, Scheme 1) have been prepared. Their ...electronic absorption spectra show intense, visible intramolecular charge‐transfer bands, the energy (Emax) of which decreases in the order R = Me > Ph > DNPh > Pym. This trend arises from the steadily increasing electron deficiency of the pyridinium ring, a phenomenon also observed in cyclic voltammetric and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data. Fluorescence‐free first hyperpolarizability β values of 1–4PF6 were measured by using femtosecond hyper‐Rayleigh scattering (HRS) with acetonitrile solutions and a 1300 nm laser, and static first hyperpolarizabilities β0 were obtained by application of the two‐state model. The HRS results indicate that the N‐aryl chromophores in 2–4PF6 have considerably larger β0 values than their N‐methyl counterpart in 1PF6, with a ca. 10‐fold increase in β0 observed in moving from 1PF6 to 4PF6 (25 → 230 × 10–30 esu). Stark (electroabsorption) spectroscopic studies in butyronitrile glasses at 77 K allowed the derivation of dipole moment changes Δμ12 (10.9–14.8 D), which have been used to calculate β0 according to the two‐state equation β0 = 3Δμ12(μ12)2/2(Emax)2 (μ12 = transition dipole moment). With the exception of 1PF6, the Stark‐derived β0 values are in reasonable agreement with those from HRS. However, the increase in β0 in moving from 1PF6 to 4PF6 is only 2‐fold for the Stark data (90 → 185 × 10–30 esu). The observed trend of increasing β0 in the order 1PF6 < 3PF6 < 2PF6 < 4PF6 arises from a combination of decreasing Emax and increasing Δμ12, with only a slight increase in μ12 between 1PF6 and 4PF6. It is likely that the β0 values for 3PF6 are lower than expected due to the steric effect of the ortho‐NO2 group, which causes twisting of the DNPh ring out of the plane of the stilbazolium unit. A single crystal X‐ray structure shows that 2PF6 crystallizes in the space group Cc, with head‐to‐tail alignment and almost parallel stacking of the pseudo‐planar stilbazolium portions of the cations to form polar sheets within a polar bulk structure. 2PF6 is essentially isostructural with the related Schiff base salt trans‐4‐(4‐dimethylaminophenyl)iminomethyl‐N‐phenylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate (8PF6). Second harmonic generation (SHG) studies on 2PF6 and 8PF6 using a 1907 nm laser and sieved powdered samples (53–63 μm) afforded efficiencies of 470 and 240 times that of urea, respectively. Under the same conditions, the well‐studied compound 1p‐MeC6H4SO3 gave an SHG efficiency of 550 times that of urea.
Stilbazolium salts show enhanced nonlinear optical (NLO) responses if they are N‐aryl substituted! The authors report the synthesis of these novel compounds, their incorporation into macroscopic structures, and their NLO properties. The PF6 salt of the “prototype” compound (see Figure) shows pronounced second‐harmonic generation activity.
beta-Alanine (BA) supplementation has become an ergogenic aid amongst competitive athletes to augment intramuscular carnosine content, leading to higher buffer capacity and exercise performance. We ...investigated 27 regularly trained young males and females who were randomly allocated either to placebo (PL) or BA ingestion for 8 weeks. Every single day, BA or PL (4.0-5.6 g day^sup -1^) supplements were ingested by participants and associated with a strong plyometric high-intensity training (two sessions per week during the 8 weeks). Before and after training, maximal jump heights were recorded during squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) and an index of fatigue was recorded as a mean height of 45 consecutive CMJ. Blood lactate was measured at rest, after completing the fatigue test and every 5 min thereafter up to 30 min recovery. After plyometric training, SJ and CMJ were increased, respectively, by 8.8 and 6.4 % in PL group and 9.9 and 11.0 % in BA group (p < 0.01, no difference between groups). Blood lactate reached a maximal value of 9.4 ± 1.6 mmol l^sup -1^ in PL group, and 10.3 ± 1.3 mmol l^sup -1^ in BA group, with a slight better performance in the fatigue test (+8.6 %, p <= 0.01) for BA group as compared to PL group. To conclude, 2-month beta-alanine supplementation resulted in a slight improvement of explosive force after 45 maximal consecutive jumps in young athletes. However, the practical adequacy of supplementation remains questionable in an active and healthy population.
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