Foodborne diseases remain common around the world with Campylobacteriosis being the most commonly reported zoonosis in the European Union in 2013. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are the ...main species associated with human illness. Furthermore, Campylobacter can develop biofilms which is becoming a major problem within the food industry. In addition to foodborne pathogens, oxidation is a non-microbial cause of deterioration of food causing loss of quality and safety. Thus, there is an urgent need in the food industry for new and effective strategies that can help prevent food contamination, spoilage and consequently, foodborne illnesses. Essential oils are known for their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and are already widely used in the food industry. So, the aim of this work was to study the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of coriander essential oil and its major compound linalool against C. jejuni and C. coli strains, as well as their effect in the quorum sensing (QS) system and their potential as antioxidants. Our results, demonstrated that both compounds have anti-Campylobacter activity, inhibited in vitro biofilm formation and promoted biofilm dispersion even at sub-MIC concentrations and interfered with the QS system through the inhibition of violacein production. Moreover, the essential oil and linalool were shown to have radical scavenging properties and lipid peroxidation inhibition ability which could make them potential alternatives to synthetic antioxidants. In sum, our results demonstrated the antibacterial, anti-biofilm, anti-QS and antioxidant potentials of the coriander essential oil and its major compound, linalool, suggesting that they could be used in the food industry to enhance shelf life of food products and increase food safety without requiring chemical additives or preservatives.
•Coriander essential oil and linalool have anti-Campylobacter activity.•Bactericidal activity of coriander oil and linalool with MIC values of 0.5 and 1 μL/mL.•Both compounds inhibited biofilm formation and promoted biofilm dispersion.•The compounds interfered in the quorum sensing by inhibiting the violacein production.•Both compounds showed an exceptional ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation.
Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)successfully colonizes thehuman stomach of the majority of the human popula-tion.This infection always causes chronic gastritis,butmay evolve to serious outcomes,such as ...peptic ulcer,gastric carcinoma or mucosa-associated lymphoid tis-sue lymphoma.H.pylori first line therapy recommend-ed by the Maastricht-4 Consensus Report comprises theuse of two antibiotics and a proton-pomp inhibitor,butin some regions failure associated with this treatmentis already undesirable high.Indeed,treatment failure isone of the major problems associated with H.pylori in-fection and is mainly associated with bacterial antibioticresistance.In order to counteract this situation,someeffort has been allocated during the last years in theinvestigation of therapeutic alternatives beyond antibi-otics.These include vaccines,probiotics,photodynamic inactivation and phage therapy,which are briefly revis-ited in this review.A particular focus on phytomedicine,also described as herbal therapy and botanical therapy,which consists in the use of plant extracts for medicinal purposes,is specifically addressed,namely considering its history,category of performed studies,tested com-pounds,active principle and mode of action.The herbs already experienced are highly diverse and usually selected from products with a long history of employ-ment against diseases associated with H.pylori infec-tion from each country own folk medicine.The studies demonstrated that many phytomedicine products have an anti-H.pylori activity and gastroprotective action.Al-though the mechanism of action is far from being com-pletely understood,current knowledge correlates the beneficial action of herbs with inhibition of essential H.pylori enzymes,modulation of the host immune system and with attenuation of inflammation.
Considering the recommended indications for Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)eradication therapy and the broad spectrum of available diagnostic methods,a reliable diagnosis is mandatory both before and ...after eradication therapy.Only highly accurate tests should be used in clinical practice,and the sensitivity and specificity of an adequate test should exceed 90%.The choice of tests should take into account clinical circumstances,the likelihood ratio of positive and negative tests,the cost-effectiveness of the testing strategy and the availability of the tests.This review concerns some of the most recent developments in diagnostic methods of H.pylori infection,namely the contribution of novel endoscopic evaluation methodologies for the diagnosis of H.pylori infection,such as magnifying endoscopy techniques and chromoendoscopy.In addition,the diagnostic contribution of histology and the urea breath test was explored recently in specific clinical settings and patient groups.Recent studies recommend enhancing the number of biopsy fragments for the rapid urease test.Bacterial culture from the gastric biopsy is the gold standard technique,and is recommended for antibiotic susceptibility test.Serology is used for initial screening and the stool antigen test is particularly used when the urea breath test is not available,while molecular methods have gained attention mostly for detecting antibiotic resistance.
Foodborne microorganisms substantially impact food safety and contribute considerably to the public health and economic burden of infectious diseases worldwide ....
Helicobacter pylori is one of the most successful human pathogens, which colonizes the mucus layer of the gastric epithelium of more than 50% of the world's population. This curved, microaerophilic, ...Gram-negative bacterium induces a chronic active gastritis, often asymptomatic, in all infected individuals. In some cases, this gastritis evolves to more severe diseases such as peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. H. pylori has developed a unique set of factors, actively supporting its successful survival and persistence in its natural hostile ecological niche, the human stomach, throughout the individual's life, unless treated. In the human stomach, the vast majority of H. pylori cells are motile in the mucus layer lining, but a small percentage adheres to the epithelial cell surfaces. Adherence to the gastric epithelium is important for the ability of H. pylori to cause disease because this intimate attachment facilitates: (1) colonization and persistence, by preventing the bacteria from being eliminated from the stomach, by mucus turnover and gastric peristalsis; (2) evasion from the human immune system and (3) efficient delivery of proteins into the gastric cell, such as the CagA oncoprotein. Therefore, bacteria with better adherence properties colonize the host at higher densities. H. pylori is one of the most genetically diverse bacterial species known and is equipped with an extraordinarily large set of outer membrane proteins, whose role in the infection and persistence process will be discussed in this review, as well as the different receptor structures that have been so far described for mucosal adherence.
Arcobacter genus is considered a foodborne emergent pathogen able to cause disease among humans and animals. The wide distribution and high prevalence of Arcobacter in food is becoming a concern, ...since consumption of contaminated food and water is considered the most probable route of Arcobacter transmission to humans. In this work, ready-to-eat packaged vegetables, poultry, pork, beef and fish meat were purchased from several retail markets and supermarkets and tested for the presence of Arcobacter spp. Suspected colonies were isolated and identified, characterized through ERIC-PCR and resistance to nine antibiotics commonly used to treat infections by this microorganism was assessed; in parallel, Arcobacter spp. was directly detected on enrichment broth by multiplex PCR. The results show a high prevalence of Arcobacter spp. among retail food, with an overall prevalence of 60.5% obtained by both molecular and culture detection. A. butzleri was the most frequently isolated species (58.5%) followed by A. cryaerophilus (35.8%) and A. skirrowii (5.7%). A high genetic diversity among the isolates was observed, despite the detection of a possible cross-contamination between food samples. Also, a high rate of multidrug resistance among the isolates (85.7%) was observed. Taken together, our results suggest that the consumption of Arcobacter-contaminated food products is of public health concern.
•Arcobacter spp. was found in 60.5% of the retail foods collected in Portugal.•A. butzleri was the most frequently isolated species followed by A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii.•A possible cross-contamination between different food samples was founded.•85.7% of the analysed isolates presented multidrug resistance to antibiotics.
Arcobacter genus currently comprises 18 recognized species, among which Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus and Arcobacter skirrowii have been associated with human and animal disease. ...Although these organisms, with special emphasis A. butzleri, are emerging as clinical pathogens, several aspects of their epidemiology and virulence are only starting to be clarified. In vitro human and animal cell culture assays have been used to show that several Arcobacter species can adhere to and invade eukaryotic cells, induce an immune response and produce toxins that damage host cells. In addition, data from genome sequencing highlighted several potential markers that may be helpful candidates for the study and understanding of these mechanisms; however, more work is necessary to clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in Arcobacter virulence. Arcobacter can be considered a relatively robust organism showing to be able to survive in adverse conditions, as the ones imposed by food processing and storage. Moreover, these bacteria have shown increased antibiotic resistance, along with high multidrug resistance. In this review, we seek to update the state-of-the-art concerning Arcobacter distribution, its interaction with the host, the trends of antibiotic resistance, its ability to survive, and finally the use of natural antimicrobials for control of Arcobacter.
Aliarcobacter butzleri is an emergent enteropathogen for which resistance to several classes of antimicrobial agents has been described, although the underlying mechanisms have been poorly addressed. ...We aimed to evaluate the contribution of the resistance-nodulation-division-type (RND) efflux system, AreABC, to drug resistance in A. butzleri. A. butzleri strains were first tested against several antimicrobials with and without an efflux pump inhibitor. Then, erythromycin-resistant strains were screened for the presence of a premature stop codon in a putative transcriptional regulator of the AreABC system,
. Lastly, antimicrobial susceptibility and ethidium bromide (EtBr) accumulation were evaluated using an
knockout strain and a strain overexpressing the AreABC system through
truncation. The presence of the efflux pump inhibitor resulted in increased susceptibility to most of the antimicrobials tested. A correlation between erythromycin resistance and the presence of premature stop codons in
was observed. The truncation of
resulted in increased expression of the AreABC system and decreased susceptibility to various antimicrobials. In contrast,
inactivation resulted in increased susceptibility and a higher intracellular accumulation of EtBr. In conclusion, the AreABC efflux pump plays a role in the resistance of A. butzleri to multiple drugs and is regulated by a putative transcriptional repressor,
. Our results support the importance of efflux pumps in this bacterium's resistance to major classes of antibiotics and other antimicrobials.
Resveratrol has been described to possesses several biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic. However, its in vivo efficacy is still limited ...owing to its low aqueous solubility. The main goal of this study is to increase resveratrol aqueous solubility using for this purpose randomly methylated-β-cyclodextrin. Inclusion complex (IC) characterization and dissolution studies were performed as well as the evaluation of the IC antioxidant, cytotoxicity and anti-Campylobacter activities. Resveratrol complexation caused an effective 400 fold improvement in its aqueous dissolution. Both resveratrol and IC showed good antibacterial activity against Campylobacter spp. with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 50 to 100 μg/mL for pure resveratrol and from 64 to 512 μg/mL for the IC, while also exhibiting a very good antioxidant activity and no haemolytic activity. Resveratrol complexation with methylated-β-cyclodextrin increased its solubility while maintaining resveratrol's biological properties.
•Resveratrol inclusion complex was stable with a stability constant of 1482.9 M−1.•Complexation yielded a 400 fold increase in resveratrol's solubility.•Cyclodextrin inclusion allowed a 1.5 fold higher dissolution in a food simulant.•Complex showed high antioxidant (IC50 of 11.0 μg/mL) and no haemolytic activities.•Anti-Campylobacter activity (minimum inhibitory concentration from 64 to 512 μg/mL).
Arcobacter butzleri is a foodborne emerging human pathogen, frequently displaying a multidrug resistant character. Still, the lack of comprehensive genome-scale comparative analysis has limited our ...knowledge on A. butzleri diversification and pathogenicity. Here, we performed a deep genome analysis of A. butzleri focused on decoding its core- and pan-genome diversity and specific genetic traits underlying its pathogenic potential and diverse ecology.
A. butzleri (genome size 2.07–2.58 Mbp) revealed a large open pan-genome with 7474 genes (about 50% being singletons) and a small but diverse core-genome with 1165 genes. It presents a plastic virulome (including newly identified determinants), marked by the differential presence of multiple adaptation-related virulence factors, such as the urease cluster ureD(AB)CEFG (phenotypically confirmed), the hypervariable hemagglutinin-encoding hecA, a type I secretion system (T1SS) harboring another agglutinin and a novel VirB/D4 T4SS likely linked to interbacterial competition and cytotoxicity. In addition, A. butzleri harbors a large repertoire of efflux pumps (EPs) and other antibiotic resistant determinants. We unprecedentedly describe a genetic mechanism of A. butzleri macrolides resistance, (inactivation of a TetR repressor likely regulating an EP). Fluoroquinolones resistance correlated with Thr-85-Ile in GyrA and ampicillin resistance was linked to an OXA-15-like β-lactamase. Remarkably, by decoding the polymorphism pattern of the main antigen PorA, we show that A. butzleri is able to exchange porA as a whole and/or hypervariable epitope-encoding regions separately, leading to a multitude of chimeric PorA presentations that can impact pathogen-host interaction during infection. Ultimately, our unprecedented screening of short sequence repeats indicates that phase variation likely modulates A. butzleri key adaptive functions.
In summary, this study constitutes a turning point on A. butzleri comparative genomics revealing that this human gastrointestinal pathogen is equipped with vast and diverse virulence and antibiotic resistance arsenals that open a multitude of phenotypic fingerprints for environmental/host adaptation and pathogenicity.
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•Arcobacter butzleri is an emerging foodborne pathogen, but no comprehensive genome-scale comparative analysis is available•A. butzleri has an open pan-genome and a small but diverse core-genome•A. butzleri has a large repertoire of efflux pumps, and truncation of a TetR correlates with erythromycin resistance•Mosaicism in PorA mediates multiple chimeric antigenic presentations•Phase variation mechanisms likely modulate A. butzleri key adaptive functions
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