A nonenzymatic method was developed for the detection and quantification of hydrogen peroxide using metallic sols obtained by the reduction of silver compounds with sodium borohydride in the presence ...of a surface stabilizer. These sols changed color on exposure to aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide. The nature of the stabilizer used in sol preparation affects spectral characteristics of the final product formed in the reaction with hydrogen peroxide. In the case of polyvinyl pyrrolidone, the intensity of the surface plasmon resosnance absorption band at 405 nm decreased. In using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, a signal at 519 nm appeared along with the similar decrease in the absorption band at 408 nm. The band intensity depends on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide. The described phenomena can form a basis for the development of procedures for the qualitative and quantitative determination of hydrogen peroxide in water bodies.
Sols of silver nanoparticles surface-stabilized by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide or polyvinylpyrrolidone can be used for the determination of active chlorine in water samples. As analytes modeling ...active chlorine in water, we used freshly prepared sodium hypochlorite solutions. Because of the high values of standard electrode potentials of reduction half-reactions, active forms of chlorine can oxidize silver nanoparticles, exhibiting the effect of surface plazmon resonance with an absorption maximum near 400 nm. The absorption intensity of silver nanoparticles correlates with the concentration of sodium hypochlorite. This effect was used for the qualitative and quantitative determination of active chlorine in water samples. The quantitative characteristics of the described method were obtained for two versions of analysis, spectrophotometry and photometric titration. The calibration graphs for both versions were similar and linear in the range of sodium hypochlorite concentrations 0.1–2.5 mM.
Previous studies showed that large amounts of phenylcarboxylic acids (PhCAs) are accumulated in a septic patient’s blood due to increased endogenous and microbial phenylalanine and tyrosine ...biotransformation. Frequently, biochemical aromatic amino acid transformation into PhCAs is considered functionally insignificant for people without monogenetic hereditary diseases. The blood of healthy people contains the same PhCAs that are typical for septic patients as shown in this paper. The overall serum PhCAs level was 6 μM on average as measured by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. This level is a stable biochemical parameter indicating the normal metabolism of aromatic amino acids. The concentrations of PhCAs in the metabolic profile of healthy people are distributed as follows: phenylacetic ≈
p
-hydroxyphenyllactic >
p
-hydroxyphenylacetic > phenyllactic ≈ phenylpropionic > benzoic. We conclude that maintaining of stable PhCAs level in the serum is provided as the result of integration of human endogenous metabolic pathways and microbiota.
INTRODUCTION. The lack of a unified approach to establishing generic (grouping) names, which must be specified for herbal medicinal products, presents a challenge to developers and manufacturers ...preparing registration dossiers, as well as to regulators reviewing their submissions. AIM. This study aimed to set forth common approaches to establishing generic names for herbal medicinal products based on studying the terminology used in different legal systems. DISCUSSION. The authors analysed the pharmaceutical terminology used for herbal medicinal products at national and supranational levels in the Russian Federation, the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), the Republic of Belarus, the European Union (EU), the United Kingdom, and the United States. This analysis revealed differences in the terminology used in the Russian Federation and the EAEU. For example, the definition of “herbal drugs” is more detailed in the EAEU documents than in the Russian documents, and the definitions of “herbal drug preparation” and “herbal medicinal product” are not the same as well. The authors analysed the approaches to generic naming of herbal medicinal products and detected some improperly formed generic names in the regulatory documentation and Russian State Register of Medicinal Products. In addition, the study revealed variability in generic names proposed by different manufacturers for medicinal products having the same trade name. The authors described the selection of generic names for herbal medicinal products, including fatty or essential oils and liquid or dry extracts. The authors touched upon generic naming of some types of source plants when the morphological group of the herbal drug or the name of the source plant is ambiguous, the Latin name and the Russian name of the herbal drug are inconsistent, or the Latin name of the resulting product or the morphological group of the herbal drug is erroneous. The authors systematised and unified approaches to generic naming of herbal medicinal products with due regard to the species of source plants, the morphological groups of herbal drugs, and the production technology and composition of herbal medicinal products. The authors analysed typical errors in establishing conventional and generic names for herbal drugs and herbal medicinal products associated with incorrectly identified morphological groups of herbal drugs, incorrect source plant names, mismatching structures of Latin and Russian names of herbal drugs, erroneous Latin names of the resulting products, or wrongly assigned morphological groups of herbal drugs. CONCLUSIONS. According to the analysis of the names of herbal drugs, herbal drug preparations, and herbal medicinal products used in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation (editions XI–XV), the Pharmacopoeia of the EAEU, and the European Pharmacopoeia, the terminology of these legal systems is harmonised to a high degree. The alignment of terminology is the closest between the regulatory documents of the EAEU and the EU. The terms and names used in Russia need further unification. The results of this study can be used in Russian pharmacopoeial practice to develop regulatory documents, prepare registration dossiers, and conduct expert reviews of submissions for herbal medicinal products.
Primary production, nutrient concentrations, phytoplankton biomass (incl. chlorophylla) and water transparency (Secchi depth), are important indicators of eutrophication. Earlier basin-wide primary ...production estimates for the Baltic Sea, a shallow shelf sea, were based mainly on open-sea data, neglecting the fundamentally different conditions in the large river plumes, which might have substantially higher production. Mean values of the period 1993–1997 of nutrient concentrations (phosphate, nitrate, ammonium and silicate), phytoplankton biomass, chlorophylla (chla) concentration, turbidity and primary production were calculated in the plumes of the rivers Oder, Vistula and Daugava and Klaipeda Strait as well as the open waters of the Arkona Sea, Bornholm Sea, eastern Gotland Sea and the Gulf of Riga. In the plumes, these values, except for primary production, were significantly higher than in the open waters. N:P ratios in the plumes were >16 (with some exceptions in summer and autumn), indicating potential P-limitation of phytoplankton growth, whereas they were <16 in the open Baltic Proper, indicating potential N-limitation. On the basis of in situ phytoplankton primary production, phytoplankton biomass and nutrient concentrations, the large river plumes and the Gulf of Riga could be characterized as eutrophic and the outer parts of the coastal waters and the open sea as mesotrophic. Using salinity to define the border of the plumes, their mean extension was calculated by means of a circulation model. Taking into account the contribution of coastal waters, the primary production in the Baltic Proper and the Gulf of Riga was 42·6 and 4·3×106tCyr−1, respectively. Hence, an annual phytoplankton primary production in the whole Baltic Sea was estimated at 62×106tCyr−1. The separate consideration of the plumes had only a minor effect on the estimation of total primary production in comparison with an estimate based on open sea data only. There is evidence for a doubling of primary production in the last two decades. Moreover, a replacement of diatoms by dinoflagellates during the spring bloom was noticed in the open sea but not in the coastal waters. A scheme for trophic classification of the Baltic Sea, based on phytoplankton primary production and biomass, chla and nutrient concentrations, is proposed.
The article considers the importance of International Nonproprietary Names (INNs) and group names in the development of common information standards for the industry in the light of creation of the ...EurAsEC market and shared information space. The necessity to define the rules for assigning group names to herbal drugs results from the requirement introduced to Federal Law No. 61-FZ «On circulation of medicines», making it obligatory to specify group names on drug labels in the absence of INNs in the State Register of pharmaceutical products. The article covers the development of the methodological approach to establishing group names for the mentioned group of medicinal products.
Bacteriological examination of angiocardiac system, biocenosis of the intestine and upper respiratory tracts was made in 3473 patients who were to be operated or reoperated for congenital or acquired ...valvular defects in the presence of chroniosepsis and chronic septic endocarditis, complicated IHD. 375 patients with other diseases served control. 74 of them have undergone surgery for varicose veins of the legs. Preoperative contamination with opportunistic microflora was found in the heart, major vessels, veins of the majority of the patients. There was also dysbiosis of natural biotops. Patients with valvular defects to be reoperated 2-20 years after the initial operation on the heart had infection in the angiocardiac structures, severe dysbiosis of natural biotops, i.e. advanced dysbiosis--severe persistent condition with permanent source of endogenic infection complicated the underlying disease and bringing postoperative septic complications.
Sequencing and computer analysis of the variola major virus strain India-1967 (VAR-IND) genome segment (53,018 bp) from the right terminal region have been carried out. Fifty nine potential open ...reading frames (ORFs) of over 60 amino acid residues have been identified. Structure-function organization of VAR-IND DNA segment under study was compared with the previously reported sequences from the analogous genomic regions of vaccinia virus strains Copenhagen (VAC-COP) and Western Reserve (VAC-WR) and variola virus strain Harvey (VAR-HAR). Multiple distinctions in the genetic map of VAR-IND from VAC-COP and VAC-WR have been revealed along with the high similarity to the corresponding VAR-HAR segment. Possible functions of the predicted viral proteins and the effect of their differences on the features of orthopoxviruses are discussed.
Despite of the high importance of coastal areas for the functioning of the whole Baltic ecosystem and the special socio-economical interest in these regions, an international coastal monitoring ...programme has been established by the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) only recently. Data of coastal areas were ascertained, however, in national responsibilities for years. One of the major aims of our work was to compile the basic hydrochemical and phytoplankton (incl. chlorophyll and primary production) data and supply them as base-line data for future trend-analyses by the coastal monitoring programme in the HELCOM COMBINE. Data were collected from the Pomeranian Bay, the Gulf of Gdansk, the coastal area in front of Lithuania, and the Gulf of Riga in the years 1993-1997. As large rivers discharge into these areas, the plume waters were considered separately. The coastal data were compared with data from the open Baltic Sea (Arkona Sea, Bornholm Sea, Eastern Gotland Sea). Nutrient concentrations and N:P ratios decreased from the plumes to the open sea. N:P ratios in the plumes were higher than 16 (with some exceptions in summer and autumn), indicating potential P-limitation of phytoplankton growth, whereas they were lower than 16 in the open Baltic Proper, indicating potential N-limitation. In the Gulf of Riga, a decrease in N:P ratios was noticed in the course of our investigations. The highest chlorophyll a concentrations were found in the inner parts of the Pomeranian Bay (5- years-mean = 9.4 mg/m super(3)) and the Gulf of Gdansk (5-years-mean = 11.2 mg/m super(3)). The mean chlorophyll a concentrations in central regions of the Baltic Proper were 2.4 - 2.6 mg/m super(3). Water transparency (Secchi depth) was inversely related to chlorophyll a. Secchi depth rarely exceeded 4 m in the plumes but was 5-15 m (annual means 8-10 m) in the open sea. Primary production was in general higher in the plumes than in the open waters. Exceptions were found in very turbid plumes, where in situ primary production was sometimes lower than in the open waters because of light limitation.
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