Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is a group of techniques and evaluations that allows users to understand artificial intelligence knowledge and increase the reliability of the results ...produced using artificial intelligence. XAI can assist actuaries in achieving better estimations and decisions. This study reviews the current literature to summarize XAI in common actuarial problems. We proposed a research process based on understanding the type of AI used in actuarial practice in the financial industry and insurance pricing and then researched XAI implementation. This study systematically reviews the literature on the need for implementation options and the current use of explanatory artificial intelligence (XAI) techniques for actuarial problems. The study begins with a contextual introduction outlining the use of artificial intelligence techniques and their potential limitations, followed by the definition of the search equations used in the research process, the analysis of the results, and the identification of the main potential fields for exploitation in actuarial problems, as well as pointers for potential future work in this area.
This work presents a study on the effects of different peel extract weight percentages in the biosynthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) for its application in the photocatalysis. Zinc nitrate was used as a ...source of the zinc ions, while
Lycopersicon esculentum
(tomato) contributed the peels for the extracts to be used as a reductant and stabilizing agent. The synthesized samples were studied and characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The morphology of the surface of the material showed that samples vary in size and shape distribution depending on the amount of extract used. The band gap values were of 3.08, 3.1 and 3.18 eV for the 1, 2 and 4% concentrations, respectively. The photocatalytic properties of the ZnO were evaluated through methylene blue degradation and the results presented a 97% dye degradation in 150 min, which is more efficient than comparable commercial ZnO.
The advent of Web 2.0 and its continuous growth has yielded enormous amounts of freely available user-generated information. Within this information, it is easy to find subjective texts, especially ...on social networks and eCommerce platforms that contain valuable information about users. Consequently, the field of opinion mining has attracted considerable interest over the last decade. Many new research articles are published every day, in which different artificial intelligence techniques (e.g., neural networks, fuzzy logic, clustering algorithms, and evolving computing) are applied to various tasks and applications related to opinion mining.
Given this context, this survey presents a rigorous review of the different applications of fuzzy logic in opinion mining. The review portrays different uses of fuzzy logic and summarizes over one hundred and twenty articles published in the past decade regarding tasks and applications of opinion mining. This study is organized around three primary tasks, feature processing, review classification and emotions and also pays special attention to sentiment analysis applications whose core technique uses fuzzy logic to achieve the stated goals.
•Compilation of most recent studies on fuzzy logic and opinion mining.•Classification of the techniques used in the collected studies.•Summary of the applications of fuzzy logic in opinion mining.•Description of the main challenges and future works.
Machine learning, a subfield of artificial intelligence, emphasizes the creation of algorithms capable of learning from data and generating predictions. However, in actuarial science, the ...interpretability of these models often presents challenges, raising concerns about their accuracy and reliability. Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has emerged to address these issues by facilitating the development of accurate and comprehensible models. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of various XAI approaches for tackling distinct data-driven insurance problems. The machine learning methods are evaluated based on their accuracy, employing the mean absolute error for regression problems and the accuracy metric for classification problems. Moreover, the interpretability of these methods is assessed through quantitative and qualitative measures of the explanations offered by each explainability technique. The findings reveal that the performance of different XAI methods varies depending on the particular insurance problem at hand. Our research underscores the significance of considering accuracy and interpretability when selecting a machine-learning approach for resolving data-driven insurance challenges. By developing accurate and comprehensible models, we can enhance the transparency and trustworthiness of the predictions generated by these models.
The stellate ganglia are the predominant source of sympathetic innervation to the heart. Remodeling of the nerves projecting to the heart has been observed in several cardiovascular diseases, however ...studies of adult stellate ganglia are limited. A profile of the baseline transcriptomic and neurochemical characteristics of the stellate ganglia in adult C57Bl6j mice, a common model for the study of cardiovascular diseases, may aid future investigations. We have generated a dataset of baseline measurements of mouse stellate ganglia using RNAseq, HPLC and mass spectrometry. Expression differences between male and female mice were identified. These differences included physiologically important genes for growth factors, receptors and ion channels. While the neurochemical profiles of male and female stellate ganglia were not different, minor differences in neurotransmitter content were identified in heart tissue.
Carbapenem non-susceptible Enterobacterales (CNSE) can be broadly divided into those that produce carbapenemases (carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)), and those that harbour other ...mechanisms of resistance (non-carbapenemase-producing CNSE (NCP-CNSE)).
To determine the predictors of CNSE nosocomial incidence rates according to their mechanism of resistance.
A time-series analysis was conducted (July 2013 to December 2018) to evaluate the relationship in time between hospital antibiotic use and the percentage of adherence to hand hygiene with the CNSE rates.
In all, 20,641 non-duplicated Enterobacterales isolates were identified; 2.2% were CNSE. Of these, 48.1% and 51.9% were CPE and NCP-CNSE, respectively. Of the CPE, 78.3% possessed a blaOXA-232 gene. A transfer function model was identified for CNSE, CPE, and OXA-232 CPE that explained 20.8%, 19.3%, and 24.2% of their variation, respectively. According to the CNSE and CPE models, an increase in piperacillin–tazobactam (TZP) use of 1 defined daily dose (DDD) per 100 hospital patient-days (HPD) would lead to an increase of 0.69 and 0.49 CNSE and CPE cases per 10,000 HPD, respectively. The OXA-232 CPE model estimates that an increase of 1 DDD per 100 HPD of TZP use would lead to an increase of 0.43 OXA-232 CPE cases per 10,000 HPD. A transfer function model was not identified for NCP-CNSE, nor was there an association between the adherence to handhygiene and the CNSE rates.
The use of TZP is related in time with the CPE nosocomial rates, mostly explained by its effect on OXA-232 CPE.
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•Scalable synthesis of octahedral shaped CoFe2O4 nanoparticles.•Betaine serves as agent stabilizer in the growth of octahedral nanomaterials.•CoFe2O4 nanoparticles are efficient for ...alkaline water oxidation.
The development of robust catalysts that oxidize water is necessary for their application in artificial photosynthesis cells. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of octahedral CoFe2O4 nanoparticles obtained through a novel aqueous method that employs betaine, (CH3)3+NCH2COO−, as the stabilizer agent. The synthetic conditions are modified changing the betaine content and the metal precursor ratios. These conditions modify the shape of CoFe2O4 finding both, octahedral and semi-spherical nanoparticles. Linear voltammetry measurements show the octahedral CoFe2O4 lead to an overpotential of ∼390mV at the onset potential for water oxidation at alkaline conditions. Among the as-synthesized cobalt-ferrite nanomaterials, the CoFe(1:2)-C in the form of tiny nanoparticles performed a superior electrocatalytic water oxidation in alkaline conditions, showing an overpotential of ∼335mV, which is lower than other similar catalysts in literature.
In this work, PdFe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by varying the stabilizer (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide ‘CTAB’ and betaine) and using NaBr as additive. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of ...PdFe3O4 nanoparticles synthesized using betaine or CTAB displayed similar intensities and positions of Bragg's angles, resulting in a low contribution of the surfactant in the crystallite size and lattice parameter. The iron content increased in CTAB systems as was determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), finding the highest content (Pd85Fe15) with the combination of CTAB and NaBr. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated that the iron species on the surface are due to the presence of Fe3O4. High-resolution TEM images and XRD revealed that NaBr promoted the decrease of crystallinity and particle size of PdFe3O4, diminishing it from 6.5 and 6.2nm to 4.4 and 2.7nm in the betaine and CTAB systems, respectively. The decrease of the particle size of PdFe3O4 obtained combining CTAB+NaBr improved the electrochemically active surface area, enabling the highest activity in comparison with the other PdFe3O4 materials. In addition, this PdFe3O4 (CTAB+NaBr) material displayed higher current densities and lower oxidation peak potentials than a Pd/C (CTAB+NaBr) material, which was used as reference. Therefore, the activity of PdFe3O4 was also related to the presence of iron oxide, which decreased the energy barriers for ethanol oxidation due to an improvement of the electronic properties by a close vicinity between Pd and Fe atoms, modifying the crystallinity, lattice parameters, interatomic distances and binding energies.
PdFe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized varying the stabilizer (CTAB and betaine) and using NaBr as additive. PdFe3O4 CTAB+NaBr showed the highest catalytic activity and outperformed Pd/C nanoparticles synthetized by the same methodology, not only due to a particle size effect, but also from the electronic interactions between palladium and iron oxide. Display omitted
•Small sub-10nm PdFe3O4 materials were obtained using CTAB and betaine.•NaBr acted as size-controlling agent promoting low particle sizes and crystallinity.•PdFe3O4 CTAB+NaBr displayed the highest activity of the synthesized materials.•The activity was correlated to changes of particle sizes and interatomic distances.
ZnTe thin films were deposited on SiO2 substrate by pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) at room temperature. The ZnTe films were immersed in different concentrations of Cu(NO3)2–3H2O solutions for 1min, ...then heated at 200 and 300°C, both temperatures for 10min in a N2 atmosphere. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed the hexagonal and orthorhombic ZnTe phases when the copper-doped films were heated at 200 and 300°C for 10min respectively. The films immersed in 15 and 60mg of Cu(NO3)2–H2O solutions had similar values of sheet resistance ~104Ω/□, resistivity ~10−1Ωcm, specific contact resistance ~10−4Ωcm2, and hall mobility 5cm2/Vs. Also, the copper-doped conditions were used to dope the source and drain bias to make a thin-film transistor of ZnTe (TFT) by photolithography.
ZnTe TFT by photolithography. Variation of the (a) sheet resistance and (b) resistivity, when the mg of Cu(NO3)2–3H2O is increased. Display omitted
•The sheet resistance of the undoped ZnTe decreased from 2.52×1010 to 3.92×104Ω/□ when the films were immersed in 15mg of Cu(NO3)2–3H2O solution.•The resistivity of the undoped ZnTe decreased from 2.26×105 to 3.50×10−1Ωcm when the films were immersed in 15mg of Cu(NO3)2–3H2O solution.•The p-type ZnTe thin films doped with 15 and 60mg of Cu(NO3)2–H2O solutions had similar values of sheet resistance, resistivity, specific contact resistance, and hall mobility.•The X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed the hexagonal and orthorhombic ZnTe phases.•The hole mobility of the ZnTe TFT immersed in 15mg of Cu(NO3)2–H2O solution was 1×10−2cm2/Vs.
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