Abstract The water deficit in particular, reduces the productivity of vegetable crops. To minimize these harmful effects on agriculture, several agronomic and physiological practices are being ...studied, such as the use of bacteria and water stress attenuators, such as brassinosteroids. Considering the socioeconomic relevance of corn culture and its sensitivity when exposed to water deficit, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the action of brassinosteroids and azospirillum on nitrogen metabolism in corn plants subjected to water stress conditions. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in a period of 47 days, with corn plants, using the hybrid K9606 VIP3. The design was completely randomized, in a 2x2x3 factorial scheme, with six replications. The first factor corresponds to two water regimes (presence and absence of water deficit). The second corresponds to inoculation via seed of Azospirillum brasiliense and absence of inoculation. And the third corresponds to the application of three concentrations of brassinosteroids (0, 0.3 and 0.6 μM). Were determined Nitrate; nitrate reductase; free ammonium; total soluble aminoacids; soluble proteins; proline; glycine betaine and glutamine synthetase. The lack of water in plants provided a reduction in the protein and nitrate reductase contents, in leaves and roots. For ammonium, plants with water deficit inoculated at a concentration of 0.3 μM, obtained an increase of 7.16 (70.26%) and 13.89 (77.04%) mmol NH4 + .Kg-1. DM (Dry mass) on the leaf and root respectively. The water deficit in the soil provided significant increases in the concentrations of glycine betaine, nitrate, proline and aminoacids, both in the leaves and in the roots of the corn plants. On the other hand, the contents of glutamine synthetase had a reduction in both leaves and roots.
Resumo O déficit hídrico, em particular, reduz a produtividade das hortaliças. Para minimizar esses efeitos nocivos à agricultura, diversas práticas agronômicas e fisiológicas estão sendo estudadas, como o uso de bactérias e atenuadores de estresse hídrico, como os brassinosteróides. Considerando a relevância socioeconômica da cultura do milho e sua sensibilidade quando expostos ao déficit hídrico, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a ação de brassinosteróides e azospirillum sobre o metabolismo de nitrogênio em plantas de milho submetidas a condições de estresse hídrico. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, no período de 47 dias, com plantas de milho, utilizando-se o híbrido K9606 VIP3. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x2x3, com seis repetições. O primeiro fator corresponde a dois regimes hídricos (presença e ausência de déficit hídrico). A segunda corresponde à inoculação via semente de Azospirillum brasiliense e ausência de inoculação. E a terceira corresponde à aplicação de três concentrações de brassinosteróides (0, 0,3 e 0,6 μM). Foram determinados Nitrato; nitrato redutase; amônio livre; aminoácidos solúveis totais; proteínas solúveis; prolina; glicina, betaína e glutamina sintetase. A falta de água nas plantas proporcionou redução nos teores de proteína e nitrato redutase, nas folhas e raízes. Para o amônio, plantas com déficit hídrico, inoculadas na concentração de 0,3 μM, obtiveram aumento de 7,16 (70,26%) e 13,89 (77,04%) mmol NH4 + .Kg-1. MS (Massa seca) na folha e na raiz, respectivamente. O déficit hídrico no solo proporcionou aumentos significativos nos teores de glicina, betaína, nitrato, prolina e aminoácidos, tanto nas folhas quanto nas raízes das plantas de milho. Por outro lado, os teores de glutamina sintetase apresentaram redução tanto nas folhas quanto nas raízes.
The switch from hunting wild meat for home consumption to supplying more lucrative city markets in Amazonia can adversely affect some game species. Despite this, information on the amounts of wild ...meat eaten in Amazonian cities is still limited. We estimated wild meat consumption rates in 5 cities in the State of Amazonas in Brazil through 1046 door‐to‐door household interviews conducted from 2004 to 2012. With these data, we modeled the relationship between wild meat use and a selection of socioeconomic indices. We then scaled up our model to determine the amounts of wild meat likely to be consumed annually in the 62 urban centers in central Amazonia. A total of 80.3% of all interviewees reported consuming wild meat during an average of 29.3 (CI 11.6) days per year. Most wild meat was reported as bought in local markets (80.1%) or hunted by a family member (14.9%). Twenty‐one taxa were cited as consumed, mostly mammals (71.6%), followed by reptiles (23.2%) and then birds (5.2%). The declared frequency of wild meat consumption was positively correlated with the proportion of rural population as well as with the per capita gross domestic product of the municipality (administrative divisions) where the cities were seated. We estimated that as much as 10,691 t of wild meat might be consumed annually in the 62 urban centers within central Amazonia, the equivalent of 6.49 kg per person per year. In monetary terms, this amounts to US$21.72 per person per year or US$35.1 million overall, the latter figure is comparable to fish and timber production in the region. Given this magnitude of wild meat trade in central Amazonia, it is fundamental to integrate this activity into the formal economy and actively develop policies that allow the trade of more resilient taxa and restrict trade in species sensitive to hunting.
Mercado y Consumo Urbano de Carne Silvestre en la Amazonia Central
Resumen
El cambio de la caza de animales silvestres para consumo del hogar a caza para surtir mercados urbanos más lucrativos en la Amazonia puede afectar negativamente a algunas especies de caza. A pesar de esto, la información sobre la cantidad de carne silvestre que se consume en las ciudades de la Amazonia todavía es limitada. Estimamos las tasas de consumo de carne silvestre en cinco ciudades del Estado de Amazonas, Brasil, por medio de 1046 entrevistas presenciales a hogares realizadas entre 2004 y 2012. Con estos datos modelamos la relación entre el uso de la carne silvestre y una selección de índices socioeconómicos. Después aumentamos nuestro modelo para determinar la cantidad de carne silvestre que tal vez se consume anualmente en los 62 centros urbanos de la Amazonia central. Un total de 80.3% de todos los entrevistados reportaron el consumo de carne silvestre durante un promedio de 29.3 (CI 11.6) días por año. La mayoría de la carne silvestre fue reportada como comprada en mercados locales (80.1%) o cazada por algún integrante de la familia (14.9%). Se citaron 21 taxones como parte del consumo, principalmente mamíferos (71.6%), seguidos por reptiles (23.2%) y aves (5.2%). La frecuencia declarada de consumo de carne silvestre estuvo correlacionada positivamente con la proporción de población rural, así como con el producto doméstico bruto per cápita de la municipalidad (divisiones administrativas) en donde se encuentran las ciudades. Estimamos que un máximo de 10,691 toneladas de carne silvestre podrían ser consumidas anualmente en los 62 centros urbanos de la Amazonia central, el equivalente a 6.49 kg/persona/año. En términos monetarios, esto equivale a US$21.72/persona/año o US$35.1 millones en general. Esta última cifra es comparable con la producción de madera y de peces en la región. Dada esta magnitud del mercado de carne silvestre en la Amazonia central, es fundamental la integración de esta actividad en la economía formal y el desarrollo activo de políticas que permitan el mercado de taxones más resilientes y que restrinjan el mercado para las especies sensibles a la caza.
摘要
在亚马逊地区, 对野生动物的狩猎从供家庭食用到供应利润更高的城市市场的转变, 可能对一些狩猎物种产生负面影响。尽管如此, 关于亚马逊城市食用野生动物肉类的数量信息仍然很少。我们通过 2004‐2012 年间的 1046 次上门访问, 估计了巴西亚马逊州五个城市的野生动物肉类食用量, 并利用这些数据分析了野生动物肉类利用与一些社会经济指数的关系。接下来, 我们利用这个模型模拟了亚马逊中部六十二个城市中心区每年的野生动物肉类食用量。结果显示, 总计 80.3% 的受访者报告每年平均 29.3 天 (CI为 11.6 天) 食用野生动物肉; 大部分肉类购自当地市场 (80.1%) 或由家庭成员狩猎获得 (14.9%) ; 食用的肉类来自二十一个类群, 主要是哺乳动物 (71.6%) 、爬行动物 (23.2%) 和鸟类 (5.2%) ; 野生动物肉类的食用频率与农村人口比例及其城市所在行政区的人均国内生产总值呈正相关。我们估计亚马逊中部地区六十二个城市中心区每年野生动物肉的食用量高达 10691 吨, 相当于每人每年食用 6.49 千克。按货币计算, 即每人每年食用 21.58 美元的野生动物肉, 或每年总计食用 3510 万美元的肉类, 后者相当于该地区采矿及木材生产总额。鉴于亚马逊中部地区野生动物肉类交易的规模之大, 应将这一活动纳入正式经济活动, 积极制定政策来支持开展那些较强恢复能力物种的交易, 而限制交易对狩猎敏感的物种。【翻译: 胡怡思; 审校: 聂永刚】
Article impact statement: In central Amazonia, wild meat is widely consumed by urban residents; its trade generates as much as the fish and timber industries.
Aim
To evaluate the effect of carbodiimide (EDC) and chlorhexidine (CHX) on the bond strength (BS) of resin cement to root dentine of teeth submitted to radiotherapy.
Methodology
One hundred and ...twenty extracted maxillary canines were selected and assigned to 2 groups (n = 60): nonirradiated and irradiated (30 cycles of 2 Gy, total 60 Gy). Roots lengths were standardized, and canals were prepared and filled. Post spaces were then prepared, and the samples were redistributed according to dentine treatment (n = 20): saline solution (SF); CHX 2%; or EDC 0.5M. After drying the post space, fibreglass posts were cemented. Cross‐sectioned slices were obtained, and in half of the specimens of each subgroup (n = 10), the analysis was performed immediately; the others (n = 10) were stored for 10 months before analyses. The most cervical slice of each third was subjected to a push‐out test and failure pattern analysis (n = 10), and the most apical slice submitted to the analysis of the adhesive interface by SEM (n = 5). The bond strength data were submitted to anova and Tukey tests, the adhesive interface adaptation was submitted to Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn's tests, and the Chi‐square test was used to evaluate the type of failure.
Results
The irradiated specimens had significantly lower bond strength (13.8 ± 4.3) than the nonirradiated (18.1 ± 3.1; P < 0.001). For the irradiated teeth, the bond strengths were significantly lower in the SF and CHX groups (P < 0.001). Also, the bond strengths reduced significantly after 10 months in the SF and CHX groups (P < 0.001). Cohesive failures occurred in dentine for irradiated specimens. Poorer interface adaptation, dentine fractures and microfractures were observed in irradiated specimens, and better adaptation was observed for specimens after EDC treatment.
Conclusions
Radiotherapy was associated with lower bond strength and worse interface adaptation. Dentine treatment with EDC contributed to adhesive interface longevity during the cementation of glass fibre posts in nonirradiated and irradiated teeth.
Summary
Objective To evaluate the frequency and clinical features of endemic and other opportunistic infections in liver or kidney transplant recipients in four transplant centres in different ...geographical areas of Brazil.
Methods Retrospective analysis of medical and laboratory records of four transplant centres on endemic and other opportunistic infections in liver or kidney transplant recipients. Analyses were performed with spss statistical software.
Results From 2001 to 2006, 1046 kidney and 708 liver transplants were registered in all centres. The average age was 42 years. Among 82 (4.7%) cases with infections, the most frequent was tuberculosis (2.0%), followed by systemic protozoal infections (0.7%), toxoplasmosis (0.4%) and visceral leishmaniasis (0.3%). Systemic fungal infections occurred in 0.6%, of which 0.4% were cryptococcosis and 0.2% were histoplasmosis. Dengue was the only systemic viral infection and was registered in two cases (0.1%), of which one was classified as the classic form and the other as dengue haemorrhagic fever. Nocardiosis was described in one case (0.05%). The infectious agents most frequently associated with diarrhoea were Blastocystis sp., Schistosoma mansoni and Strongyloides stercoralis.
Conclusions Opportunistic Infections in transplant patients have a wide spectrum and may vary from asymptomatic to severe infections with high mortality. A better understanding of the epidemiology of endemic pathogens and clinical manifestations can contribute to the establishment of an early diagnosis as well as correct treatment aimed at decreasing morbidity and mortality.
Objetivo: Evaluar la frecuencia y las características clínicas de las infecciones endémicas y oportunistas entre receptores de trasplantes de hígado o riñón en 4 centros de transplante en diferentes áreas del Brasil.
Métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de las infecciones endémicas y otras oportunistas entre receptores de hígado y riñón, utilizando historias médicas y resultados de laboratorio en cuatro centros de trasplante. Los análisis se realizaron utilizando el software estadístico SPSS.
Resultados: Entre el 2001 y el 2006, se registraron 1046 trasplantes de riñón y 708 trasplantes de hígado en todos los centros. La edad promedio era de 42 años. Entre 82 (4.7%) casos con infecciones, la más frecuente era la tuberculosis (2.0%), seguida por infecciones protozoarias sistémicas (0.7%), toxoplasmosis (0.4%) y leishmaniasis visceral (0.3%). Las infecciones fúngicas sistémicas ocurrían en un 0.6% de los pacientes, siendo un 0.4% criptococosis y un 0.2% histoplasmosis. La única infección vírica sistémica era el dengue, de la que se registraron 2 casos (0.1%), uno de los cuales se clasificó como la forma clásica y el otro como fiebre hemorrágica. Se describió un caso de nocardiosis (0.05%). Los agentes infecciosos más frecuentemente asociados con la diarrea fueron: Blastocystis sp, Schistosoma mansoni y Strongyloides stercoralis.
Conclusiones: Las infecciones oportunistas entre pacientes trasplantados son de amplio espectro y pueden ser desde asintomáticas hasta infecciones severas con una alta mortalidad. El tener un mejor conocimiento de la epidemiología de patógenos endémicos y de las manifestaciones clínicas puede contribuir al establecimiento de un diagnóstico temprano, así como de un tratamiento adecuado con el objetivo de disminuir la morbilidad y la mortalidad.
Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is the major dose-limiting adverse effect of the clinical use ifosfamide (IFOS). The incidence of this side effect can be as high as 75%. Mesna has been used to reduce the ...risk of HC, although 5% of patients who get IFOS treatment may still suffer from HC. In previous studies, our group demonstrated that α-phellandrene (α-PHE) possesses anti-inflammatory activity, which opens the door for its study in the attenuation of HC. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential uroprotective effect of the α-PHE in the mouse model of IFOS-induced HC. In order to analyze the reduction of the urothelial damage, the bladder wet weight, hemoglobin content, and the Evans blue dye extravasation from the bladder matrix were evaluated. To investigate the involvement of neutrophil migration and lipid peroxidation and involvement of enzymatic and endogenous non-enzymatic antioxidants, the tissue markers myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde, nitrite/nitrate (NOx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were evaluated. TNF-α and IL-1β were measured by ELISA immunoassay technique. The results show that pretreatment with α-PHE significantly reduced urothelial damage that was accompanied by a decrease in the activity of MPO, MDA, and NOx levels and prevention of the depletion of SOD and GSH in bladder tissues. In the assessment of cytokines, α-PHE was able to significantly reduce TNF-α level. However, it does not affect the activities of IL-1β. These data confirm that α-PHE exerts potent anti-inflammatory properties and demonstrates that α-PHE represents a promising therapeutic option for this pathological condition.
Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are important agents of urinary tract infections that can often evolve to severe infections. The rise of antibiotic-resistant strains has driven the search ...for novel therapies to replace the use or act as adjuvants of antibiotics. In this context, plant-derived compounds have been widely investigated. Cuminaldehyde is suggested as the major antimicrobial compound of the cumin seed essential oil. However, this effect is not fully understood. Herein, we investigated the in silico and in vitro activities of cuminaldehyde, as well as its ability to potentiate ciprofloxacin effects against S. aureus and E. coli. In silico analyses were performed by using different computational tools. The PASS online and SwissADME programmes were used for the prediction of biological activities and oral bioavailability of cuminaldehyde. For analysis of the possible toxic effects and the theoretical pharmacokinetic parameters of the compound, the Osiris, SwissADME and PROTOX programmes were used. Estimations of cuminaldehyde gastrointestinal absorption, blood brain barrier permeability and skin permeation by using SwissADME; and drug likeness and score by using Osiris, were also evaluated The in vitro antimicrobial effects of cuminaldehyde were determined by using microdilution, biofilm formation and time-kill assays. In silico analysis indicated that cuminaldehyde may act as an antimicrobial and as a membrane permeability enhancer. It was suggested to be highly absorbable by the gastrointestinal tract and likely to cross the blood brain barrier. Also, irritative and harmful effects were predicted for cuminaldehyde if swallowed at its LD50. Good oral bioavailability and drug score were also found for this compound. Cuminaldehyde presented antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects against S. aureus and E. coli.. When co-incubated with ciprofloxacin, it enhanced the antibiotic antimicrobial and anti-biofilm actions. We suggest that cuminaldehyde may be useful as an adjuvant therapy to ciprofloxacin in S. aureus and E. coli-induced infections.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Many remote sensing‐based evapotranspiration (RSBET) algorithms have been proposed in the past decades and evaluated using flux tower data, mainly over North America and Europe. Model evaluation ...across South America has been done locally or using only a single algorithm at a time. Here, we provide the first evaluation of multiple RSBET models, at a daily scale, across a wide variety of biomes, climate zones, and land uses in South America. We used meteorological data from 25 flux towers to force four RSBET models: Priestley–Taylor Jet Propulsion Laboratory (PT‐JPL), Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM), Penman–Monteith Mu model (PM‐MOD), and Penman–Monteith Nagler model (PM‐VI). ET was predicted satisfactorily by all four models, with correlations consistently higher (R2>0.6) for GLEAM and PT‐JPL, and PM‐MOD and PM‐VI presenting overall better responses in terms of percent bias (−10<PBIAS<10%). As for PM‐VI, this outcome is expected, given that the model requires calibration with local data. Model skill seems to be unrelated to land‐use but instead presented some dependency on biome and climate, with the models producing the best results for wet to moderately wet environments. Our findings show the suitability of individual models for a number of combinations of land cover types, biomes, and climates. At the same time, no model outperformed the others for all conditions, which emphasizes the need for adapting individual algorithms to take into account intrinsic characteristics of climates and ecosystems in South America.
Key Points
Four remote sensing evapotranspiration (ET) models were evaluated using 25 flux towers from across South America
Performance of all models is reduced in dry environments
Comparisons with flux tower‐based ET showed that Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model and Priestley–Taylor Jet Propulsion Laboratory produced higher correlations whereas RMSE was similar for all models
Virola surinamensis is a forest species widely distributed in the estuaries of the Amazon. These ecosystems are susceptible to contamination by Cadmium (Cd), indicating that the plant has strategies ...for tolerating this metal. The aim of this study was to assess the nitrogen and carbon metabolism of young plants of Ucuúba (Virola surinamensis) in the presence of cadmium with the perspective of the phytoremediation of contaminated environments. The used experimental design was a completely randomized design with five Cd concentrations (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 mg L
), for 60 days. In general, Cd did not affect nitrate concentration in the root but had a positive effect on leaves. The reduction of nitrate reductase (NR) in plants exposed to Cd was followed by a decrease in ammonia, total soluble amino acids (TSA), and total soluble proteins (TSP). Cd promoted an increase in the concentration of total soluble carbohydrates (TSC), proline, sucrose, and reducing sugars in the plants. The increase in TSC, sucrose and proline, suggests a metabolic regulatory mechanism of V. surinamensis against Cd stress.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Aim
To evaluate the bond strength and adhesive interface between several resin cements and root dentine immediately and 6 months after radiotherapy.
Methodology
Sixty maxillary canines were selected ...and randomly assigned to two groups (n = 30): one group was not irradiated and the other one was subjected to a cumulative radiation dose of 60 Gy. The teeth were sectioned to obtain roots 16 mm long and the canals were prepared with the Reciproc system (R50) and filled using a lateral condensation technique with an epoxy resin sealer. Each group was divided into three subgroups (n = 10) according to the resin cement used for fibreglass fibre post cementation: RelyX‐U200, Panavia‐F2.0 and RelyX ARC. The posts were cemented in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Three 1‐mm‐thick dentine slices were then obtained from each root third. The first two slices in the crown‐apex direction of each third were selected for the push‐out test. The failure mode after debonding was determined with a stereo microscope. The third slice from each root third was selected for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses to examine the resin cement–dentine interface with 100, 1000, 2000 and 4000× magnification. Bond strength data were analysed by anova and Tukey's test (α = 0.05).
Results
Significantly lower bond strength (P < 0.0001) was obtained after irradiation compared to nonirradiated teeth. RelyX‐U200 cemented fibre posts had the higher bond strength (15.17 ± 5.89) compared with RelyX ARC (P < 0.001) and Panavia‐F2.0 (P < 0.001). The evaluation after 6 months revealed lower bond strength values compared to the immediate values (P < 0.001) for irradiated and nonirradiated teeth. Cohesive failures occurred in the irradiated dentine. SEM revealed fractures, microfractures and fewer collagen fibres in irradiated root dentine. RelyX‐U200 and Panavia‐F2.0 were associated with a juxtaposed interface of the cement with the radicular dentine in irradiated and nonirradiated teeth, and for RelyX ARC, hybrid layer formation and tags were observed in both irradiated and nonirradiated teeth.
Conclusion
Radiation was associated with a decrease in the push‐out bond strength and with lower resin cement/root dentine interface adaptation. Self‐adhesive resin cement was a better alternative for fibre post cementation in teeth subjected to radiation therapy. The bond strength decreased after 6 months.
PDF
