Diet is a key trait of an organism's life history that influences a broad spectrum of ecological and evolutionary processes. Kissling et al. (2014; Ecology and Evolution 4: 2913–2930) compiled a ...species‐specific data set of diet preferences of mammals for 38% of a total of 5364 terrestrial mammalian species assessed for the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List, to facilitate future studies. The authors imputed dietary data for the remaining 62% by using extrapolation from phylogenetic relatives.
We collected dietary information for 1261 mammalian species for which data were extrapolated by Kissling et al. (2014), in order to evaluate the success with which such extrapolation can predict true diets.
The extrapolation method devised by Kissling et al. (2014) performed well for broad dietary categories (consumers of plants and animals). However, the method performed inconsistently, and sometimes poorly, for finer dietary categories, varying in accuracy in both dietary categories and mammalian orders.
The results of the extrapolation performance serve as a cautionary tale. Given the large variation in extrapolation performance, we recommend a more conservative approach for inferring mammalian diets, whereby dietary extrapolation is implemented only when there is a high degree of phylogenetic conservatism for dietary traits. Phylogenetic comparative methods can be used to detect and measure phylogenetic signal in diet. If data for species are needed, then only the broadest feeding categories should be used. This would ensure a greater level of accuracy and provide a more robust data set for further ecological and evolutionary analysis.
We present the Spitzer Extragalactic Representative Volume Survey (SERVS), an18 deg2
18
deg
2
medium-deep survey at 3.6 and 4.5 μm with the postcryogenicSpitzer Space Telescopeto≈2 μJy
≈
2
μ
...Jy
(AB = 23.1
AB
=
23.1
) depth of five highly observed astronomical fields (ELAIS-N1, ELAIS-S1, Lockman Hole, Chandra Deep Field South, and XMM-LSS). SERVS is designed to enable the study of galaxy evolution as a function of environment from
z ∼ 5
z
∼
5
to the present day and is the first extragalactic survey that is both large enough and deep enough to put rare objects such as luminous quasars and galaxy clusters at
z ≳ 1
z
≳
1
into their cosmological context. SERVS is designed to overlap with several key surveys at optical, near- through far-infrared, submillimeter, and radio wavelengths to provide an unprecedented view of the formation and evolution of massive galaxies. In this article, we discuss the SERVS survey design, the data processing flow from image reduction and mosaicking to catalogs, and coverage of ancillary data from other surveys in the SERVS fields. We also highlight a variety of early science results from the survey.
We present images obtained with LABOCA of a sample of 22 galaxies selected via their red Herschel SPIRE colors. We aim to see if these luminous, rare, and distant galaxies are signposting dense ...regions in the early universe. Our 870 m survey covers an area of 1 deg2 down to an average rms of , with our five deepest maps going 2× deeper still. We catalog 86 dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) around our "signposts," detected above a significance of 3.5 . This implies a overdensity of (or ) DSFGs, excluding our signposts, when comparing our number counts to those in "blank fields." Thus, we are 99.93% confident that our signposts are pinpointing overdense regions in the universe, and 95% 50% confident that these regions are overdense by a factor of at least ≥1.5 × 2×. Using template spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and SPIRE/LABOCA photometry, we derive a median photometric redshift of z = 3.2 0.2 for our signposts, with an inter-quartile range of z = 2.8-3.6, somewhat higher than expected for ∼850 m selected galaxies. We constrain the DSFGs that are likely responsible for this overdensity to within of their respective signposts. These "associated" DSFGs are radially distributed within (physical) distances of 1.6 0.5 Mpc from their signposts, have median star formation rates (SFRs) of (for a Salpeter stellar inital mass function) and median gas reservoirs of . These candidate protoclusters have average total SFRs of at least and space densities of ∼9 × 10−7 Mpc−3, consistent with the idea that their constituents may evolve to become massive early-type galaxies in the centers of the rich galaxy clusters we see today.
Deep learning (DL) models can accurately predict many hydrologic variables including streamflow and water temperature; however, these models have typically predicted hydrologic variables ...independently. This study explored the benefits of modeling two interdependent variables, daily average streamflow and daily average stream water temperature, together using multi‐task DL. A multi‐task scaling factor controlled the relative contribution of the auxiliary variable's error to the overall loss during training. Our experiments examined the improvement in prediction accuracy of the multi‐task approach using paired streamflow and water temperature data from sites across the conterminous United States. Our results showed that for 56 out of 101 sites, the best performing multi‐task models performed better overall than the single‐task models in terms of Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency for predicting streamflow with single‐site models. For 43 sites, the best multi‐task, single‐site models made no significant difference in predicting streamflow. The multi‐task approach had a smaller effect when applied to a model trained with data from 101 sites together, significantly improving performance for only 17 sites. The multi‐task scaling factor was consequential in determining to what extent the multi‐task approach was beneficial. A naïve selection of this factor led to significantly worse‐performing models for 3 of 101 sites when predicting streamflow as the primary variable, and 47 of 53 sites when predicting stream temperature as the primary variable. We conclude that a multi‐task approach can make more accurate predictions by leveraging information from interdependent hydrologic variables, but only for some sites, variables, and model configurations.
Key Points
A single deep learning model was used to predict both water temperature and streamflow
The best configured single‐site multi‐task models improved streamflow predictions for most sites tested
A naïve implementation of multi‐task learning was detrimental to water temperature predictions
The PSCz catalogue Saunders, W.; Sutherland, W. J.; Maddox, S. J. ...
Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
09/2000, Letnik:
317, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We present the catalogue, mask, redshift data and selection function for the PSCz survey of 15 411 IRAS galaxies across 84 per cent of the sky. Most of the IRAS data are taken from the Point Source ...Catalog, but this has been supplemented and corrected in various ways to improve the completeness and uniformity. We quantify the known imperfections in the catalogue, and we assess the overall uniformity, completeness and data quality. We find that overall the catalogue is complete and uniform to within a few per cent at high latitudes and 10 per cent at low latitudes. Ancillary information, access details, guidelines and caveats for using the catalogue are given.
In a 24‐month, multicenter, open‐label, randomized trial, 715 de novo kidney transplant recipients were randomized at 10–14 weeks to convert to everolimus (n = 359) or remain on standard calcineurin ...inhibitor (CNI) therapy (n = 356; 231 tacrolimus; 125 cyclosporine), all with mycophenolic acid and steroids. The primary endpoint, change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from randomization to month 12, was similar for everolimus versus CNI: mean (standard error) 0.3(1.5) mL/min/1.732 versus −1.5(1.5) mL/min/1.732 (p = 0.116). Biopsy‐proven acute rejection (BPAR) at month 12 was more frequent under everolimus versus CNI overall (9.7% vs. 4.8%, p = 0.014) and versus tacrolimus‐treated patients (2.6%, p < 0.001) but similar to cyclosporine‐treated patients (8.8%, p = 0.755). Reporting on de novo donor‐specific antibodies (DSA) was limited but suggested more frequent anti‐HLA Class I DSA under everolimus. Change in left ventricular mass index was similar. Discontinuation due to adverse events was more frequent with everolimus (23.6%) versus CNI (8.4%). In conclusion, conversion to everolimus at 10–14 weeks posttransplant was associated with renal function similar to that with standard therapy overall. Rates of BPAR were low in all groups, but lower with tacrolimus than everolimus.
In a multicenter, open‐label, randomized trial of de novo kidney transplant recipients, conversion to everolimus at 10–14 weeks posttransplant is associated with similar renal function as in patients who continue to standard tacrolimus or cyclosporine therapy, with low rates of biopsy‐proven acute rejection in all groups, but lower rates with tacrolimus than everolimus.
Abstract
New Guinea has been considered both as a refuge for mesic rainforest-associated lineages that contracted in response to the late Cenozoic aridification of Australia and as a centre of biotic ...diversification and radiation since the mid-Miocene or earlier. Here, we estimate the diversity and a phylogeny for the Australo-Papuan forest dragons (Sauria: Agamidae; ~20 species) in order to examine the following: (1) whether New Guinea and/or proto-Papuan Islands may have been a biogeographical refuge or a source for diversity in Australia; (2) whether mesic rainforest environments are ancestral to the entire radiation, as may be predicted by the New Guinea refuge hypothesis; and (3) more broadly, how agamid ecological diversity varies across the contrasting environments of Australia and New Guinea. Patterns of lineage distribution and diversity suggest that extinction in Australia, and colonization and radiation on proto-Papuan islands, have both shaped the extant diversity and distribution of forest dragons since the mid-Miocene. The ancestral biome for all Australo-Papuan agamids is ambiguous. Both rainforest and arid-adapted radiations probably started in the early Miocene. However, despite deep-lineage diversity in New Guinea rainforest habitats, overall species and ecological diversity is low when compared with more arid areas, with terrestrial taxa being strikingly absent.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The first deep blank-field 450 μm map (1σ 1.3 mJy) from the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array-2 SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey (S2CLS), conducted with the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope ...(JCMT) is presented. Our map covers 140 arcmin2 of the Cosmological Evolution Survey field, in the footprint of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Cosmic Assembly Near-Infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey. Using 60 submillimetre galaxies detected at ≥3.75σ, we evaluate the number counts of 450-μm-selected galaxies with flux densities S
450 > 5 mJy. The 8 arcsec JCMT beam and high sensitivity of SCUBA-2 now make it possible to directly resolve a larger fraction of the cosmic infrared background (CIB, peaking at λ ∼ 200 μm) into the individual galaxies responsible for its emission than has previously been possible at this wavelength. At S
450 > 5 mJy, we resolve (7.4 ± 0.7) × 10−2 MJy sr−1 of the CIB at 450 μm (equivalent to 16 ± 7 per cent of the absolute brightness measured by the Cosmic Background Explorer at this wavelength) into point sources. A further ∼40 per cent of the CIB can be recovered through a statistical stack of 24 μm emitters in this field, indicating that the majority ( 60 per cent) of the CIB at 450 μm is emitted by galaxies with S
450 > 2 mJy. The average redshift of 450 μm emitters identified with an optical/near-infrared counterpart is estimated to be 〈z〉 = 1.3, implying that the galaxies in the sample are in the ultraluminous class (
). If the galaxies contributing to the statistical stack lie at similar redshifts, then the majority of the CIB at 450 μm is emitted by galaxies in the luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) class with L
IR > 3.6 × 1011 L.
High glucose levels in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy (DN). However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that cause the ...marked distal pathology is incomplete. We performed a comprehensive, system-wide analysis of the PNS of a rodent model of DN. We integrated proteomics and metabolomics from the sciatic nerve (SN), the lumbar 4/5 dorsal root ganglia (DRG), and the trigeminal ganglia (TG) of streptozotocin-diabetic and healthy control rats. Even though all tissues showed a dramatic increase in glucose and polyol pathway intermediates in diabetes, a striking upregulation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and perturbation of lipid metabolism was found in the distal SN that was not present in the corresponding cell bodies of the DRG or the cranial TG. This finding suggests that the most severe molecular consequences of diabetes in the nervous system present in the SN, the region most affected by neuropathy. Such spatial metabolic dysfunction suggests a failure of energy homeostasis and/or oxidative stress, specifically in the distal axon/Schwann cell-rich SN. These data provide a detailed molecular description of the distinct compartmental effects of diabetes on the PNS that could underlie the distal-proximal distribution of pathology.
We have carried out a cell-based screen aimed at discovering small molecules that activate p53 and have the potential to decrease tumor growth. Here, we describe one of our hit compounds, tenovin-1, ...along with a more water-soluble analog, tenovin-6. Via a yeast genetic screen, biochemical assays, and target validation studies in mammalian cells, we show that tenovins act through inhibition of the protein-deacetylating activities of SirT1 and SirT2, two important members of the sirtuin family. Tenovins are active on mammalian cells at one-digit micromolar concentrations and decrease tumor growth in vivo as single agents. This underscores the utility of these compounds as biological tools for the study of sirtuin function as well as their potential therapeutic interest.
PDF
