Orbital lymphangioma Villalbapérez, M D; Toledo Morales, C M; Oltra Benavent, M ...
Anales de pediatría (Barcelona, Spain : 2003)
79, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Aerosol radiative properties are investigated in southeastern
Spain during a dust event on 16–17 June 2013 in the framework of the ChArMEx/ADRIMED
(Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment/Aerosol ...Direct Radiative Impact on the
regional climate in the MEDiterranean region) campaign. Particle optical and
microphysical properties from ground-based sun/sky photometer and lidar measurements, as
well as in situ measurements on board the SAFIRE ATR 42 French research aircraft, are
used to create a set of different levels of input parameterizations, which feed the 1-D
radiative transfer model (RTM) GAME (Global Atmospheric ModEl). We consider three
datasets: (1) a first parameterization based on the retrievals by an advanced aerosol
inversion code (GRASP; Generalized Retrieval of Aerosol and Surface Properties) applied
to combined photometer and lidar data, (2) a parameterization based on the photometer
columnar optical properties and vertically resolved lidar retrievals with the
two-component Klett–Fernald algorithm, and (3) a parameterization based on vertically
resolved optical and microphysical aerosol properties measured in situ by the aircraft
instrumentation. Once retrieved, the outputs of the RTM in terms of both shortwave and
longwave radiative fluxes are compared against ground and in situ airborne measurements.
In addition, the outputs of the model in terms of the aerosol direct radiative effect are
discussed with respect to the different input parameterizations. Results show that
calculated atmospheric radiative fluxes differ no more than 7 % from the measured ones.
The three parameterization datasets produce a cooling effect due to mineral dust both at
the surface and the top of the atmosphere. Aerosol radiative effects with differences of
up to 10 W m−2 in the shortwave spectral range (mostly due to differences in the
aerosol optical depth) and 2 W m−2 for the longwave spectral range (mainly due to
differences in the aerosol optical depth but also to the coarse mode radius used to
calculate the radiative properties) are obtained when comparing the three
parameterizations. The study reveals the complexity of parameterizing 1-D RTMs as sizing
and characterizing the optical properties of mineral dust is challenging. The use of
advanced remote sensing data and processing, in combination with closure studies on the
optical and microphysical properties from in situ aircraft measurements when available,
is recommended.
Strong events of long-range transported biomass burning aerosol were detected during July 2013 at three EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar Network) stations, namely Granada (Spain), Leipzig ...(Germany) and Warsaw (Poland). Satellite observations from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) instruments, as well as modeling tools such as HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) and NAAPS (Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System), have been used to estimate the sources and transport paths of those North American forest fire smoke particles. A multiwavelength Raman lidar technique was applied to obtain vertically resolved particle optical properties, and further inversion of those properties with a regularization algorithm allowed for retrieving microphysical information on the studied particles. The results highlight the presence of smoke layers of 1–2 km thickness, located at about 5 km a.s.l. altitude over Granada and Leipzig and around 2.5 km a.s.l. at Warsaw. These layers were intense, as they accounted for more than 30 % of the total AOD (aerosol optical depth) in all cases, and presented optical and microphysical features typical for different aging degrees: color ratio of lidar ratios (LR532 ∕ LR355) around 2, α-related ångström exponents of less than 1, effective radii of 0.3 µm and large values of single scattering albedos (SSA), nearly spectrally independent. The intensive microphysical properties were compared with columnar retrievals form co-located AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) stations. The intensity of the layers was also characterized in terms of particle volume concentration, and then an experimental relationship between this magnitude and the particle extinction coefficient was established.
During the 2017 record-breaking burning season in Canada/United States, intense wild fires raged during the first week of September in the Pacific northwestern region (British Columbia, Alberta, ...Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana and northern California) burning mostly temperate coniferous forests. The heavy loads of smoke particles emitted in the atmosphere reached the Iberian Peninsula (IP) a few days later on 7 and 8 September. Satellite imagery allows to identify two main smoke clouds emitted during two different periods that were injected and transported in the atmosphere at several altitude levels. Columnar properties on 7 and 8 September at two Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) mid-altitude, background sites in northern and southern Spain are: aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 440 nm up to 0.62, Ångström exponent of 1.6–1.7, large dominance of small particles (fine mode fraction >0.88), low absorption AOD at 440 nm (<0.008) and large single scattering albedo at 440 nm (>0.98). Profiles from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) show the presence of smoke particles in the stratosphere during the transport, whereas the smoke is only observed in the troposphere at its arrival over the IP. Portuguese and Spanish ground lidar stations from the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network/Aerosols, Clouds, and Trace gases Research InfraStructure Network (EARLINET/ACTRIS) and the Micro-Pulse Lidar NETwork (MPLNET) reveal smoke plumes with different properties: particle depolarization ratio and color ratio, respectively, of 0.05 and 2.5 in the mid troposphere (5–9 km) and of 0.10 and 3.0 in the upper troposphere (10–13 km). In the mid troposphere the particle depolarization ratio does not seem time-dependent during the transport whereas the color ratio seems to increase (larger particles sediment first). To analyze the horizontal and vertical transport of the smoke from its origin to the IP, particle dispersion modelling is performed with the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT) parameterized with satellite-derived biomass burning emission estimates from the Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS) of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS). Three compounds are simulated: carbon monoxide, black carbon and organic carbon. The results show that the first smoke plume which travels slowly reaches rapidly (~1 day) the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) but also shows evidence of large scale horizontal dispersion, while the second plume, entrained by strong subtropical jets, reaches the upper troposphere much slower (~2.5 days). Observations and dispersion modelling all together suggest that particle depolarization properties are enhanced during their vertical transport from the mid to the upper troposphere.
•Long-range transport of a smoke plume from northern America to Europe•Time-space monitoring with ground and space-borne lidars of a smoke plume•Injection of smoke particles up to the upper troposphere (<13 km)•Dispersion model parameterization with satellite-based biomass burning estimates•Possible rationales for the smoke absorption and depolarization properties observed
During the last 10 years the number of publications reporting a rise in the incidence of hypernatremia in children who are exclusively breast-fed has increased.
To report the results of a series of ...cases detected in a district hospital in the last 6 years in order to better delineate the clinical characteristics of infant hypernatremia, its optimal treatment and preventive measures.
The selection criteria for our study included all neonates aged less than 30 days with serum sodium concentrations equal to or greater than 150 mEq/mL who were exclusively breast fed. Cases were identified through the departmental database.
Twelve newborns were identified who presented the following characteristics: mean gestational age of 39.5 weeks, mean birth weight of 3440 grams, mean percentage of weight loss from birth 13.7 % and mean serum sodium value 152.75 mEg/mL. Five neonates (42 %) were admitted from the maternity unit and seven (58 %) from the emergency department. The presenting complaints included weight loss in nine infants, irritability in six, fever in six, poor feeding in five and jaundice in two. Most of the neonates had more than one symptom. Ten of the mothers (83.33 %) were primiparous and two (16.67 %) were secundiparous.
Hypernatremia due to breast-feeding is a consequence of inadequate breast-feeding technique in inexperienced mothers. A possible solution would be for health professionals to provide mothers with greater support.
PDF
