Nutrition and Diabetes Emmanuel C. Opara; Sam Dagogo-Jack
2019, 20190103, 2019-01-03, 2019-01-22
eBook
Diabetes occurs at such an alarming rate that it can be described as a global epidemic. Following its predecessor, Nutrition and Diabetes: Pathophysiology and Management, Second Edition, is a ...comprehensive resource that describes various factors that drive the accumulation of excess body weight and fat resulting in obesity. The book discusses the metabolic aberrations found in obesity and how they lead to the association of obesity with diabetes. This new edition highlights the role played by diet and the interrelationships in the metabolism of key nutrients in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes which provides the scientific basis for treatment and management approaches.
Features
Highlights the role of nutrition in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes
Organized logically into two easy-to-use sections - Pathophysiology and Management of Obesity and Pathophysiology and Treatment of Diabetes
Features emerging therapeutic approaches for management of obesity and diabetes
Discusses experience in the management of obesity and diabetes in developing countries
Presents challenges in insulin therapy and provides guidelines to overcome them
The first section of the book retains key topics from the previous edition and contains new chapters including genetic determinants of nutrient processing; fat distribution and diabetes mellitus; combined effect of diet and physical activity in the management of obesity; pharmacologic treatment of obesity; and the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity. The second section features updated versions of most of the other chapters in the first edition comprising a modified chapter on oxidative stress and the effects of dietary supplements on glycemic control in Type 2 diabetes. In addition, new chapters are added in this section and include the contribution of iron and transition metal micronutrients to diabetes; role of microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes; primary prevention of Type 2 diabetes; and the pathophysiology and management of Type 1 diabetes.
Section i Pathophysiology and treatment of obesity
Chapter 1 Central and Peripheral Modulators of Appetite and Satiety
Gabrielle Page-Wilson and Sam Dagogo-Jack
Chapter 2 Genetic Determinants of Nutrient Processing
Nicholette D. Palmer
Chapter 3 The Enteroinsular Axis: Contribution to Obesity-Diabetes and Its Treatments
Varun Pathak, Nigel Irwin, and Peter R. Flatt
Chapter 4 Metabolic Syndrome: Recognition, Etiology, and Physical Fitness as
a Component
Robert W. McGarrah and William E. Kraus
Chapter 5 Fat Distribution and Diabetes Mellitus
Danae A. Delivanis and Michael D. Jensen
Chapter 6 Combined Effect of Diet and Physical Activity in the Management of Obesity
Gary D. Miller
Chapter 7 Pharmacological Treatment of Obesity
Amie A. Ogunsakin and Ayotunde O. Dokun
Chapter 8 The Role of Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Obesity
Stephen J. Walker and Puja B. Patel
Chapter 9 Bariatric Surgery
Adolfo Z. Fernandez, Jr.
Chapter 10 Postoperative Nutritional Management of the Bariatric-Surgery Patient
Gary D. Miller
Section ii Pathophysiology and treatment of Diabetes
Chapter 11 Health and Economic Burdens of Diabetes and Its Complications
William F. Kendall, Jr.
Chapter 12 Nutrient Interactions and Glucose Homeostasis
Emmanuel C. Opara
Chapter 13 Management of Obesity-Associated Type 2 Diabetes
Wanda C. Lakey, Lillian F. Lien, and Mark N. Feinglos
Chapter 14 Type 2 Diabetes in Childhood: Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, Prevention,
and Treatment
Robert Benjamin
Chapter 15 The Contribution of Iron and Transition Metal Micronutrients to Diabetes
and Metabolic Disease
Lipika Salaye, Zhenzhong Bai, and Donald A. McClain
Chapter 16 The Role of Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Diabetes
Stephen J. Walker and Shaun P. Deveshwar
Chapter 17 Achieving a Healthy Body Weight in Later Life: Interventions to Reduce
Type 2 Diabetes Risk
Kathryn N. Porter Starr, Kenlyn R. Young, and Connie W. Bales
Chapter 18 Primary Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: From Research to Community
Natascha Thompson and Sam Dagogo-Jack
Chapter 19 Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Sub-Saharan Africa: Focus on Nigeria
Olufemi A. Fasanmade, Amie A. Ogunsakin, and Sam Dagogo-Jack
Chapter 20 Gestational Diabetes: Focus on Pregestational, Gestational, and Postnatal
Weight Management
Jacques E. Samson
Chapter 21 Pathophysiology and Management of Type 1 Diabetes: Rational Design of
Insulin Therapy
Schafer Boeder and Steven Edelman
Chapter 22 Meal Detection Module in an Artificial Pancreas System for People with
Type 1 Diabetes
S. Samadi, K. Turksoy, I. Hajizadeh, J. Feng, M. Sevil, C. Lazaro, N. Hobbs,
R. Brandt, J. Kilkus, E. Littlejohn, and A. Cinar
Chapter 23 Oxidative Stress and the Effects of Dietary Supplements on Glycemic Control
in Type 2 Diabetes
Emmanuel C. Opara
Chapter 24 Management of Diabetic Gastroparesis
Kenneth L. Koch and Khalil N. Bitar
Description This is the second edition of a comprehensive book on the research into the link between diabetes and obesity. Divided into two sections, it is an in-depth examination of the multiple factors that drive obesity and how those factors may be prevalent in the development of diabetes. This second edition also focuses on the role of diet in both populations and how nutrition may be linked to the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes. Supporting research provides emerging treatment approaches and disease management therapies. The first edition was published almost a decade ago.
Purpose The purpose is to provide a unique forum that highlights the link between obesity and diabetes. From the introduction, it is apparent that the authors are passionate about their knowledge and research in this area and how these disorders have come to be recognized as burdens to both individuals who have obesity or diabetes and to society in general. As the incidence of obesity rises, the incidence of type 2 diabetes is also rising. The purpose of this book is to better understand these diseases in order to better treat individuals afflicted with them. The authors' purpose is also to highlight the links between these two disease states; specifically, the underlying mechanisms of how each develops, the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment, and the underlying nutritional relationship to each of these diseases. Despite current efforts, the incidence of obesity and diabetes continues to rise, even among children. As more research has come out in the past decade on both topics, it has become imperative to begin treating these diseases in a different manner, first by understanding how they develop and, second, by understanding their connection to one another. The authors have brought together a wide array of professionals to write the 24 chapters on the relationship of diabetes and obesity and the role of nutrition in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes. The information this book collects provides emerging therapeutic approaches for managing these diseases.
Audience The audience includes physicians, dietitians, nutritionists, and other healthcare professionals who have daily interactions with persons who have obesity and diabetes. This book is also for researchers who desire a deeper understanding or want to identify gaps in our current knowledge of these diseases. The authors state that this book also would be of interest to experts and officials involved in making healthcare policies, and members of the general population (especially those with obesity and/or diabetes) who wish to learn more about these diseases. The authors of each chapter are highly regarded as experts in their fields and come from a variety of background settings.
Features This book examines the various factors that drive the development of obesity, the metabolic adaptations of obesity, and how this can lead to the development of obesity with diabetes. The role of nutrition is highlighted in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes. This book is clearly organized into two easy to understand sections -- the first focuses on the pathophysiology and treatment of obesity and the second on the pathophysiology and treatment of diabetes. Both sections are well written, well researched, and well organized. Topics in both sections include some previously known research, such as genetic determinants of obesity and diabetes, as well as diet and physical activity, but this book also highlights new interventions and newer therapies. The book begins with a look into modulators of appetite and satiety. This information is crucial for healthcare professional working with a population of patients who have obesity, as this disease has far more underlying mechanisms of action than previously recognized. The information on the gut microbiota and how it may impact both the development and treatment of obesity and diabetes is exciting and contemporary, but not well understood by many current professionals. The book also highlights treatment modalities such as pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery for persons with obesity as well as diabetes. These subjects may often be overlooked by practitioners, and it is imperative to include information on these subjects when discussing obesity and diabetes. Not only does this book focus on pathophysiology and treatment methods, it combines several chapters regarding nutrition in the pathophysiology and treatment of obesity and diabetes. However, given the title of the book, more information regarding current nutrition practices or emerging nutrition practices for obesity (coverage of specific diets and recommendations) may have made a stronger case for nutrition as a treatment modality.
Assessment The intended audience (healthcare professionals, researchers, policy makers and general patient populations) will find this book extremely useful. The information in this updated edition provides an in-depth, easy to understand look at h
There is an unrelenting interest in the development of a reliable bioartificial pancreas construct since the first description of this technology of encapsulated islets by Lim and Sun in 1980 because ...it promised to be a curative treatment for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). Despite the promise of the concept of encapsulated islets, there are still some challenges that impede the full realization of the clinical potential of the technology. In this review, we will first present the justification for continued research and development of this technology. Next, we will review key barriers that impede progress in this field and discuss strategies that can be used to design a reliable construct capable of effective long-term performance after transplantation in diabetic patients. Finally, we will share our perspectives on areas of additional work for future research and development of the technology.
In this minireview, we briefly outline the hallmarks of diabetes, the distinction between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, the global incidence of diabetes, and its associated comorbidities. The main goal ...of the review is to highlight the great potential of encapsulated pancreatic islet transplantation to provide a cure for type 1 diabetes. Following a short overview of the different approaches to islet encapsulation, we provide a summary of the merits and demerits of each approach of the encapsulation technology. We then discuss various attempts to clinical translation with each model of encapsulation as well as the factors that have mitigated the full clinical realization of the promise of the encapsulation technology, the progress that has been made and the challenges that remain to be overcome. In particular, we pay significant attention to the emerging strategies to overcome these challenges. We believe that these strategies to enhance the performance of the encapsulated islet constructs discussed herein provide good platforms for additional work to achieve successful clinical translation of the encapsulated islet technology.
Here, we report two methods that chemically modify alginate to achieve neutral–basic pH sensitivity of the resultant hydrogel. The first method involves direct amide bond formation between alginate ...and 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzoic acid. The second method that arose out of the desire to achieve better control of the degradation rate of the alginate hydrogel involves reductive amination of oxidized alginate. The products of both methods result in a hydrogel vehicle for targeted delivery of encapsulated payload under physiological conditions in the gastrointestinal tract. Two-dimensional diffusion-ordered spectroscopy and internal and coaxial external nuclear magnetic resonance standards were used to establish chemical bonding and percent incorporation of the modifying groups into the alginate polymer. The hydrogel made with alginate modified by each method was found to be completely stable under acidic pH conditions while disintegrating within minutes to hours in neutral–basic pH conditions. We found that, while alginate oxidation did not affect the β-d-mannuronate/α-l-guluronate ratio of alginate, the rate of disintegration of the hydrogel made with oxidized alginate was dependent upon the degree of oxidation.
Paracrine function is a major mechanism of cell-cell communication within tissue microenvironment in normal development and disease. In vitro cell culture models simulating tissue or tumor ...microenvironment are necessary tools to delineate epithelial-stromal interactions including paracrine function, yet an ideal three-dimensional (3D) tumor model specifically studying paracrine function is currently lacking. In order to fill this void we developed a novel 3D co-culture model in double-layered alginate hydrogel microspheres, incorporating prostate cancer epithelial and stromal cells in separate compartments of the microspheres. The cells remained confined and viable within their respective spheres for over 30 days. As a proof of principle regarding paracrine function of the model, we measured shedded component of E-cadherin (sE-cad) in the conditioned media, a major membrane bound cell adhesive molecule that is highly dysregulated in cancers including prostate cancer. In addition to demonstrating that sE-cad can be reliably quantified in the conditioned media, the time course experiments also demonstrated that the amount of sE-cad is influenced by epithelial-stromal interaction. In conclusion, the study establishes a novel 3D in vitro co-culture model that can be used to study cell-cell paracrine interaction.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Exosomes are enclosed within a single outer membrane and exemplify a specific subtype of secreted vesicles. Exosomes transfer signalling molecules, including microRNAs (miRNAs), messenger RNA (mRNA), ...fatty acids, proteins, and growth factors, making them a promising therapeutic tool. In routine bioartificial pancreas fabrication, cells are immobilized in polymeric hydrogels lacking attachment capability for cells and other biological cues. In this opinion article, we will discuss the potential role that exosomes and their specific biofactors may play to improve and sustain the function of this bioartificial construct. We will particularly discuss the challenges associated with their isolation and characterization. Since stem cells are an attractive source of exosomes, we will present the advantages of using exosomes in place of stem cells in medical devices including the bioartificial pancreas. We will provide literature evidence of active biofactors in exosomes to support their incorporation in the matrix of encapsulated islets. This will include their potential beneficial effect on hypoxic injury to encapsulated islets. In summary, we propose that the biofactors contained in secreted exosomes have significant potential to enhance the performance of islets encapsulated in polymeric material hydrogels with perm-selective properties to provide immunoisolation for islet transplants as an insulin delivery platform in diabetes.
In this article, we will review the changes that have occurred in islet transplantation at the birth of Pancreas 30 years ago. The first attempts at β-cell replacement in humans, pancreas and islet ...transplantation, were performed in the 1960s and 1970s. Although pancreas transplantation has been an accepted treatment for severe labile diabetes predating the emergence of the journal, allogeneic islet transplantation remains experimental. Current investigations within islet transplantation focus to improve islet function after transplantation. Improving islet viability during isolation, exploring ways to increase engraftment, and protection from the host immune system are some of the goals of these investigative efforts. The major barriers to clinical islet transplantation are shortage of human pancreas, the need for immunosuppression, and the inadequacy of the islet isolation process. It is generally accepted that islet encapsulation is an immunoisolation tool with good potential to address the first 2 of those barriers. We have therefore devoted a major part of this review to the critical factors needed to make it a clinical reality. With improved islet isolation techniques and determination of the best site of engraftment as well as improved encapsulation techniques, we hope that islet transplantation could someday achieve routine clinical use.
The goal of this chapter is to provide an overview of the different purposes for which the cell microencapsulation technology can be used. These include immunoisolation of non-autologous cells used ...for cell therapy; immobilization of cells for localized (targeted) delivery of therapeutic products to ablate, repair, or regenerate tissue; simultaneous delivery of multiple therapeutic agents in cell therapy; spatial compartmentalization of cells in complex tissue engineering; expansion of cells in culture; and production of different probiotics and metabolites for industrial applications. For each of these applications, specific examples are provided to illustrate how the microencapsulation technology can be utilized to achieve the purpose. However, successful use of the cell microencapsulation technology for whatever purpose will ultimately depend upon careful consideration for the choice of the encapsulating polymers, the method of fabrication (cross-linking) of the microbeads, which affects the permselectivity, the biocompatibility and the mechanical strength of the microbeads as well as environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, osmotic pressure, and storage solutions.The various applications discussed in this chapter are illustrated in the different chapters of this book and where appropriate relevant images of the microencapsulation products are provided. It is hoped that this outline of the different applications of cell microencapsulation would provide a good platform for tissue engineers, scientists, and clinicians to design novel tissue constructs and products for therapeutic and industrial applications.
Interactions between the pancreatic extracellular matrix (ECM) and islet cells are known to regulate multiple aspects of islet physiology, including survival, proliferation, and glucose-stimulated ...insulin secretion. Recognizing the essential role of ECM in islet survival and function, various engineering approaches have been developed that aim to utilize ECM-based materials to recreate a native-like microenvironment. However, a major impediment to the success of these approaches has been the lack of a robust and comprehensive characterization of the human pancreatic proteome. Herein, by combining mass spectrometry (MS) and multiplex ELISA, we have provided an improved workflow for the in-depth profiling of the proteome, including minor constituents that are generally underrepresented. Moreover, we have further validated the effectiveness of our detergent-free decellularization protocol in the removal of cellular proteins and retention of the matrisome. It has also been established that the decellularized ECM and its derivatives can provide more tissue-specific cues than traditionally used biological scaffolds and are therefore more physiologically relevant for the development of hydrogels, bioinks and medium additives, in order to create a pancreatic niche. The data generated in this study would contribute significantly to the efforts of comprehensively defining the ECM atlas and also serve as a standard for the human pancreatic proteome to provide further guidance for design and engineering strategies for improved tissue engineering scaffolds.
Display omitted
PDF
