•Citation patterns are examined empirically in a reduced-form gravity-style framework.•Administrative barriers to mobility reduce opportunities for knowledge diffusion.•Immigration policy and travel ...visa requirements reduce the bilateral knowledge flows.•Knowledge-exporter's policy has a larger short-term effect (relative to importer).•The results pass a placebo test using leading values of the policy.
Face-to-face contact, even temporary one, helps researchers form personal ties and transfer tacit knowledge. The ability of researchers to colocate, including attendance at international conferences, workshops and seminars, is affected by the administrative barriers to international mobility. This paper uses a gravity-style empirical framework to examine the link between international knowledge flows and immigration policies. The results suggest that the paper walls erected by such policies reduce not just the mobility of individuals, but also the diffusion of knowledge. A moderately restrictive mobility barrier reduces incoming and outgoing knowledge flows by about 0.8–1.3% per year. The effect of knowledge-exporting country's policy persists for nearly 10 years. There is also a short-term asymmetry: diffusion of recent knowledge is affected more by the immigration policy of a knowledge-exporter rather than a knowledge-importer.
•We examine the role of social networks in explaining the intention to migrate.•A single framework is used for the local and international migration intentions.•Social networks abroad explain the ...largest share of variation in migration intention.•Close social networks at home reduce the probability of intention to out-migrate.•Close networks with remittances are more important than those without remittances.
Using a large individual-level survey spanning several years and more than 150 countries, we examine the importance of social networks in influencing individuals’ intention to migrate internationally and locally. We distinguish close social networks (composed of friends and family) abroad and at the current location, and broad social networks (composed of same-country residents with intention to migrate, either internationally or locally). We find that social networks abroad are the most important driving forces of international migration intentions, with close and broad networks jointly explaining about 37% of variation in the probability intentions. Social networks are found to be more important factors driving migration intentions than work-related aspects or wealth (wealth accounts for less than 3% of the variation). In addition, we find that having stronger close social networks at home has the opposite effect by reducing the likelihood of migration intentions, both internationally and locally.
This article provides an empirical assessment of global scientific mobility over the past four decades, based on bibliometric data. We find (i) an increasing diversity of origin and destination ...countries integrated in global scientific mobility, with (ii) the centre of gravity of scientific knowledge production and migration destinations moving continuously eastwards by about 1300 km per decade, (iii) an increase in average migration distances of scientists reflecting integration of global peripheries into the global science system, (iv) significantly lower mobility frictions for internationally mobile scientists compared to non-scientist migrants, (v) with visa restrictions establishing a statistically significant barrier affecting international mobility of scientists hampering the global diffusion of scientific knowledge.
•Using bibliometric data, we find an increasing diversity of origin and destination countries for scientific mobility.•Since the 1970s, centres of gravity of scientific knowledge production and mobility destinations are continuously moving eastwards.•Increase in migration distances of scientists reflects integration of scientific peripheries into the global science system.•Visa restrictions are a statistically significant barrier affecting international mobility of scientists.•We find significantly lower mobility frictions for internationally mobile scientists compared to non-scientist migrants.
This document describes a dataset of estimated bilateral flows and stocks of students and researchers (including some other types of high-skilled workers) for more than 200 countries (and ...territories) since 1990. The data is derived by analysing education and employment histories of more than 650 thousand individuals registered with ORCID. Comparison with independent data sources supports technical validity and representativeness of this data. The dataset provides new measures of the geography of a subset of high-skilled labour and opens opportunities for exploring hypotheses related to migration and agglomeration, impact of immigration policy, scientific production and development, academic mobility, and brain drain.
Using a large individual-level survey spanning several years and more than 150 countries, we examine the importance of social networks in influencing individuals' intention to migrate internationally ...and locally. We distinguish close social networks (composed of friends and family) abroad and at the current location, and broad social networks (composed of same-country residents with intention to migrate, either internationally or locally). We find that social networks abroad are the most important driving forces of international migration intentions, with close and broad networks jointly explaining about 37% of variation in the probability intentions. Social networks are found to be more important factors driving migration intentions than work-related aspects or wealth (wealth accounts for less than 3% of the variation). In addition, we nd that having stronger close social networks at home has the opposite effect by reducing the likelihood of migration intentions, both internationally and locally.
Project (M.A.) - Simon Fraser University, 2005.
Project (Dept. of Economics) / Simon Fraser University. Also issued in digital format and available on the World Wide Web.
This paper investigates the impact of institutions or structural policies on the volatilityof income or GDP per capita in transition countries and in Kazakhstan in particular. Inthe first part of the ...paper we compare Kazakhstan's institutional framework with othertransition economies based on a broad range of indicators. Using factor analytical toolsto reduce the dimensionality of the indicator space we find that in general Kazakhstan'sinstitutional quality ranks among the lowest of the 24 transition countries investigated.Reform progress was mainly achieved in infrastructure. In the second part of the paperwe employ state-of-the-art Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) to identify institutionaland macroeconomic policy areas that have the strongest impact on output volatility intransition economies. The analysis shows that good legal and administrative institutionscan help smooth output volatility. Moreover, we also find that inflation and currentaccount volatility and to a smaller extend exchange rate fluctuations are importantdeterminants of output volatility.
This paper explores the role of oil for the Kazakh economy. In order to assess thedegree of volatility the oil price features, it, firstly, discusses the literature on oil price behaviour. Secondly, ...it analyzes the effect of oil price declines on key macroeconomicvariables such as real GDP, inflation and real exchange rates using vectorautoregressive (VAR) models. In this respect, the paper deviates from a large number of papers on oil price effects as it considers a transition rather than a developed economy and an oil exporting rather than an oil importing country. The key findings to emerge from this paper are, first, that the price of oil is influenced by a large number of factors, which results in a considerable degree of volatility. Secondly, all variables considered in theVAR model exhibit a strong negative significant reaction on oil price declines, and, thirdly, a standard linear VAR model is appropriate for capturing the Kazakh oil-macro relationship.
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