Obesity has been consistently associated with a greater colorectal cancer risk, but this relationship is weaker among women. In the UK Biobank, we investigated the associations between body size ...(body mass index BMI, height, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio) and body fat composition (total body fat percentage and trunk fat percentage) measurements with colorectal cancer risk among 472,526 men and women followed for 5.6 years on average. Multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for developing colorectal cancer (2,636 incident cases) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Among men, when the highest and lowest fifths were compared, BMI (HR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.13-1.61; P
< 0.0001), waist circumference (HR = 1.66, 95%CI: 1.39-1.99; P
< 0.0001), waist-to-hip ratio (HR = 1.58, 95%CI: 1.31-1.91; P
< 0.0001), total body fat percentage (HR = 1.27, 95%CI: 1.06-1.53; P
= 0.002), and trunk fat percentage (HR = 1.31, 95%CI: 1.09-1.58; P
= 0.002) were associated with greater colorectal cancer risk. For women, only waist-to-hip ratio (HR for highest versus lowest fifth = 1.33, 95%CI: 1.08-1.65; P
= 0.005) was positively associated with colorectal cancer risk. Greater body size (overall and abdominal adiposity) was positively associated with colorectal cancer development in men. For women, abdominal adiposity, rather than overall body size, was associated with a greater colorectal cancer risk.
Patients born outside the UK have contributed to a 20% rise in the UK's tuberculosis incidence since 2000, but their effect on domestic transmission is not known. Here we use whole-genome sequencing ...to investigate the epidemiology of tuberculosis transmission in an unselected population over 6 years.
We identified all residents with Oxfordshire postcodes with a Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture or a clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis between Jan 1, 2007, and Dec 31, 2012, using local databases and checking against the national Enhanced Tuberculosis Surveillance database. We used Illumina technology to sequence all available M tuberculosis cultures from identified cases. Sequences were clustered by genetic relatedness and compared retrospectively with contact investigations. The first patient diagnosed in each cluster was defined as the index case, with links to subsequent cases assigned first by use of any epidemiological linkage, then by genetic distance, and then by timing of diagnosis.
Although we identified 384 patients with a diagnosis of tuberculosis, country of birth was known for 380 and we sequenced isolates from 247 of 269 cases with culture-confirmed disease. 39 cases were genomically linked within 13 clusters, implying 26 local transmission events. Only 11 of 26 possible transmissions had been previously identified through contact tracing. Of seven genomically confirmed household clusters, five contained additional genomic links to epidemiologically unidentified non-household members. 255 (67%) patients were born in a country with high tuberculosis incidence, conferring a local incidence of 109 cases per 100,000 population per year in Oxfordshire, compared with 3·5 cases per 100,000 per year for those born in low-incidence countries. However, patients born in the low-incidence countries, predominantly UK, were more likely to have pulmonary disease (adjusted odds ratio 1·8 95% CI 1·2-2·9; p=0·009), social risk factors (4·4 2·0-9·4; p<0·0001), and be part of a local transmission cluster (4·8 1·6-14·8; p=0·006).
Although inward migration has contributed to the overall tuberculosis incidence, our findings suggest that most patients born in high-incidence countries reactivate latent infection acquired abroad and are not involved in local onward transmission. Systematic screening of new entrants could further improve tuberculosis control, but it is important that health care remains accessible to all individuals, especially high-risk groups, if tuberculosis control is not to be jeopardised.
UK Clinical Research Collaboration (Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council, National Institute for Health Research NIHR), and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre.
Reprodución social de familias de niños menores de 7 años Ortega Saldaña, Luisa Dolores; Oliveira, Ida Maria Vianna de; Fujimori, Elizabeth ...
Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da U S P,
09/2005, Letnik:
39, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Por medio de muestreo casual-estratificado-proporcional, en este estudio se caracterizaron las formas de reproducción social de 80 familias con niños menores de 7 años, residentes en el área de ...influencia del HU-USP. Los perfiles de reproducción social fueron construidos utilizándose una base teórico-metodológica-operacional que pre definió tres grupos sociales homogéneos. De la muestra total, 36,1% fueron más excluidas, tanto en el momento de la producción como en el de consumo, 48,2% parecían luchar por la integración en la vida social y 15,7% presentaron inserción calificada en la producción, mostrándose protegidas de la precariedad del trabajo, con un patrón diferenciado de consumo y de representación colectiva y con mayor posibilidad de uso del espacio geo-social. Los resultados demostraron que la metodología utilizada es adecuada para caracterizar los perfiles de reproducción social, evidenciando que los grupos sociales que componen una misma sociedad presentaron condiciones de trabajo y de vida distintas y que cada grupo social está expuesto a determinados patrones de fortalecimiento y de desgaste.
Through a casual-stratified-proportional sample, this study characterized the social reproduction profiles of 80 families with children under age 7 living within the area of assistance of the University of São Paulo's Hospital Universitário. The profiles were constructed using a theoretical-methodological-operational basis that pre-defined 3 homogeneous social groups. Of the total sample, 36.1 percent of the families showed the most precarious ways of reproduction in both production and consumption; 48.2 percent seemed to struggle for integration in social life; and 15.7 percent fulfilled the qualifications for their adequate integration in social production, seemed to be protected from irregular work, showing a differentiated pattern of consumption and of collective representation and better possibilities to use the geo-social space. The results demonstrated that the methodology employed is adequate for the characterization of the social reproduction profiles, highlighting the fact that the social groups that comprise a society have different working and living conditions, and that each of them is exposed to specific patterns of strength and proneness to diseases.
Por meio de amostragem casual-estratificada-proporcional, este estudo caracterizou as formas de reprodução social de 80 famílias com crianças menores de 7 anos, residentes na área de abrangência do HU-USP. Os perfis de reprodução social foram construídos utilizando-se uma base teórico-metodológica-operacional que pré-definiu três grupos sociais homogêneos. Da amostra total, 36,1% foram mais excluídas, tanto no momento da produção como do consumo, 48,2% pareciam lutar pela integração na vida social e 15,7% apresentaram inserção qualificada na produção, mostrando-se protegidas da precarização do trabalho, com um padrão diferenciado de consumo e de representação coletiva e com maior possibilidade de uso do espaço geossocial. Os resultados demonstraram que a metodologia utilizada é adequada para caracterizar os perfis de reprodução social, evidenciando que os grupos sociais que compõem uma mesma sociedade, apresentam condições de trabalho e de vida distintas e que cada grupo social está exposto a determinados padrões de fortalecimento e de desgaste.
Through a casual-stratified-proportional sample, this study characterized the social reproduction profiles of 80 families with children under age 7 living within the area of assistance of the ...University of São Paulo's Hospital Universitário. The profiles were constructed using a theoretical-methodological-operational basis that predefined 3 homogeneous social groups. Of the total sample, 36.1 percent of the families showed the most precarious ways of reproduction in both production and consumption; 48.2 percent seemed to struggle for integration in social life; and 15.7 percent fulfilled the qualifications for their adequate integration in social production, seemed to be protected from irregular work, showing a differentiated pattem of consumption and of collective representation and betterpossibilities to use the geo-social space. The results demonstrated that the methodology employed is adequate for the characterization of the social reproduction profiles, highlighting the fact that the social groups that comprise a society have different working and living conditions, and that each of them is exposed to specific patterns of strength and proneness to diseases.
Por medio de muestreo casual-estratificado-proporcional, en este estudio se caracterizaron las formas de reproducción social de 80 familias con niños menores de 7 años, residentes en el área de ...influencia del HU-USP. Los perfiles de reproducción social fueron construidos utilizándose una base teórico-metodológica-operacional que pre definió tres grupos sociales homogéneos. De la muestra total, 36,1% fueron más excluidas, tanto en el momento de la producción como en el de consumo, 48,2% parecían luchar por la integración en la vida social y 15,7% presentaron inserción calificada en la producción, mostrándose protegidas de la precariedad del trabajo, con un patrón diferenciado de consumo y de representación colectiva y con mayor posibilidad de uso del espacio geo-social. Los resultados demostraron que la metodología utilizada es adecuada para caracterizar los perfiles de reproducción social, evidenciando que los grupos sociales que componen una misma sociedad presentaron condiciones de trabajo y de vida distintas y que cada grupo social está expuesto a determinados patrones de fortalecimiento y de desgaste.Por meio de amostragem casual-estratificada-proporcional, este estudo caracterizou as formas de reprodução social de 80 famílias com crianças menores de 7 anos, residentes na área de abrangência do HU-USP. Os perfis de reprodução social foram construídos utilizando-se uma base teórico-metodológica-operacional que pré-definiu três grupos sociais homogêneos. Da amostra total, 36,1% foram mais excluídas, tanto no momento da produção como do consumo, 48,2% pareciam lutar pela integração na vida social e 15,7% apresentaram inserção qualificada na produção, mostrando-se protegidas da precarização do trabalho, com um padrão diferenciado de consumo e de representação coletiva e com maior possibilidade de uso do espaço geossocial. Os resultados demonstraram que a metodologia utilizada é adequada para caracterizar os perfis de reprodução social, evidenciando que os grupos sociais que compõem uma mesma sociedade, apresentam condições de trabalho e de vida distintas e que cada grupo social está exposto a determinados padrões de fortalecimento e de desgaste.Through a casual-stratified-proportional sample, this study characterized the social reproduction profiles of 80 families with children under age 7 living within the area of assistance of the University of São Paulo's Hospital Universitário. The profiles were constructed using a theoretical-methodological-operational basis that pre-defined 3 homogeneous social groups. Of the total sample, 36.1 percent of the families showed the most precarious ways of reproduction in both production and consumption; 48.2 percent seemed to struggle for integration in social life; and 15.7 percent fulfilled the qualifications for their adequate integration in social production, seemed to be protected from irregular work, showing a differentiated pattern of consumption and of collective representation and better possibilities to use the geo-social space. The results demonstrated that the methodology employed is adequate for the characterization of the social reproduction profiles, highlighting the fact that the social groups that comprise a society have different working and living conditions, and that each of them is exposed to specific patterns of strength and proneness to diseases.
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