The use of dietary supplements is increasing among athletes, year after year. Related to the high rates of use, unintentional doping occurs. Unintentional doping refers to positive anti-doping tests ...due to the use of any supplement containing unlisted substances banned by anti-doping regulations and organizations, such as the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The objective of this review is to summarize the presence of unlabeled doping substances in dietary supplements that are used in sports.
A review of substances/metabolites/markers banned by WADA in ergonutritional supplements was completed using PubMed. The inclusion criteria were studies published up until September 2017, which analyzed the content of substances, metabolites and markers banned by WADA.
446 studies were identified, 23 of which fulfilled all the inclusion criteria. In most of the studies, the purpose was to identify doping substances in dietary supplements.
Substances prohibited by WADA were found in most of the supplements analyzed in this review. Some of them were prohormones and/or stimulants. With rates of contamination between 12 and 58%, non-intentional doping is a point to take into account before establishing a supplementation program. Athletes and coaches must be aware of the problems related to the use of any contaminated supplement and should pay special attention before choosing a supplement, informing themselves fully and confirming the guarantees offered by the supplement.
A complete set of the generalized drift-diffusion equations for a coupled charge and spin dynamics in ferromagnets in the presence of extrinsic spin-orbit coupling is derived from the quantum kinetic ...approach, covering major transport phenomena, such as the spin and anomalous Hall effects, spin swapping, spin precession, and relaxation processes. We argue that the spin swapping effect in ferromagnets is enhanced due to spin polarization, while the overall spin texture induced by the interplay of spin-orbital and spin precession effects displays a complex spatial dependence that can be exploited to generate torques and nucleate or propagate domain walls in centrosymmetric geometries without the use of external polarizers, as opposed to the conventional understanding of spin-orbit mediated torques.
Nicrophorus is a genus of beetles that bury and transform small vertebrate carcasses into a brood ball coated with their oral and anal secretions to prevent decay and that will serve as a food source ...for their young. Nicrophorus pustulatus is an unusual species with the ability to overtake brood of other burying beetles and whose secretions, unlike other Nicrophorus species, has been reported not to exhibit antimicrobial properties. This work aims to better understand how the presence or absence of a food source influences the expression of genes involved in the feeding process of N. pustulatus. To achieve that, total RNA was extracted from pooled samples of salivary gland tissue from N. pustulatus and sequenced using an Illumina platform. The resulting reads were used to assemble a de novo transcriptome using Trinity. Duplicates with more than 95% similarity were removed to obtain a "unigene" set. Annotation of the unigene set was done using the Trinotate pipeline. Transcript abundance was determined using Kallisto and differential gene expression analysis was performed using edgeR. A total of 651 genes were found to be differentially expressed, including 390 upregulated and 261 downregulated genes in fed insects compared to starved. Several genes upregulated in fed beetles are associated with the insect immune response and detoxification processes with only one transcript encoding for the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) defensin. These results confirm that N. pustulatus does not upregulate the production of genes encoding AMPs during feeding. This study provides a snapshot of the changes in gene expression in the salivary glands of N. pustulatus following feeding while providing a well described transcriptome for the further analysis of this unique burying beetle.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Ferromagnetic heterostructures provide an ideal platform to explore the nature of spin-orbit torques arising from the interplay mediated by itinerant electrons between a Rashba-type spin-orbit ...coupling and a ferromagnetic exchange interaction. For such a prototypic system, we develop a set of coupled diffusion equations to describe the diffusive spin dynamics and spin-orbit torques. We characterize the spin torque and its two prominent-out-of-plane and in-plane-components for a wide range of relative strength between the Rashba coupling and ferromagnetic exchange. The symmetry and angular dependence of the spin torque emerging from our simple Rashba model is in an agreement with experiments. The spin diffusion equation can be generalized to incorporate dynamic effects such as spin pumping and magnetic damping.
This paper introduces a new method to determine how subjects make discriminations among red-green texture stimuli. More specifically, the method determines (1) the number of mechanisms in human ...vision sensitive to lights that vary along the constant-S cardinal axis (cSCA) of DKL space and (2) the sensitivity of each mechanism to cSCA lights. Each of five subjects was tested in four, separately-blocked tasks. In each task, the subject strove to detect the location of a patch of cSCA-scramble (a spatially random mixture of cSCA lights) in a large, annular background of cSCA-scramble with a different histogram. In different tasks the target patch was (1) redder, (2) greener, (3) higher in red-green contrast, and (4) lower in red-green contrast than the background. For each subject in each task, we measure how target salience is influenced by different cSCA lights. By assuming that in each task each subject uses a weighted sum of his-or-her available mechanisms to construct a “tool” that is optimal for detecting the target, we can derive the sensitivity functions of the mechanisms underlying performance. Results suggest that human vision possesses three mechanisms sensitive to cSCA lights: a red half-wave linear mechanism, a complementary green half-wave linear mechanism, and a third mechanism that is activated by color-scrambles with low chromatic contrast in high-chromatic–contrast backgrounds.
Most animals communicate using complex signals that convey information in multiple sensory modalities. Testing receiver responses to each signal in isolation as well as the composite signal provides ...crucial information about how receivers use and integrate information from complex signals. Polistes fuscatus wasps have facial patterns that are visual signals of individual identity and cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) that are used for nestmate recognition. Because wasps learn the unique facial pattern of each nestmate, they could potentially use both visual and chemical signals to assess group membership. We test whether P. fuscatus integrate information from visual and chemical signals when assessing conspecifics that approach their nest. We challenged wasps with conspecifics that had color patterns and CHCs of nestmates, color patterns of nestmates and CHCs of non‐nestmates, color patterns of non‐nestmates and CHCs of nestmates, and color patterns and CHCs of non‐nestmates. Wasps with non‐nestmate CHCs were treated aggressively, and wasps with nestmate CHCs were treated non‐aggressively, regardless of whether the wasps had nestmate or non‐nestmate color patterns. Therefore, wasps use chemical signals alone to identify nestmates versus non‐nestmates. Receivers do not integrate information from visual and chemical signals during assessment of potential intruders. Instead, visual and chemical signals convey different information and are used in different contexts.
Polistes fuscatus wasps have color patterns that are visual signals of individual identity and cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) that are chemical signals of nestmate identity. Because wasps learn the color patterns of each nestmate, they could use both visual and chemical signals to assess nest membership. However, wasps treat lures with non‐nestmate CHCs as non‐nestmates regardless of whether they had color patterns of nestmates or non‐nestmates. Therefore, wasps use chemical signals alone during assessment of potential intruders.
Multiciliated ependymal (E1) cells line the brain ventricles and are essential for brain homeostasis. We previously identified in the lateral ventricles a rare ependymal subpopulation (E2) with only ...two cilia and unique basal bodies. Here we show that E2 cells form a distinct biciliated epithelium extending along the ventral third into the fourth ventricle. In the third ventricle floor, apical profiles with only primary cilia define an additional uniciliated (E3) epithelium. E2 and E3 cells' ultrastructure, marker expression and basal processes indicate that they correspond to subtypes of tanycytes. Using sonic hedgehog lineage tracing, we show that the third and fourth ventricle E2 and E3 epithelia originate from the anterior floor plate. E2 and E3 cells complete their differentiation 2-3 weeks after birth, suggesting a link to postnatal maturation. These data reveal discrete bands of E2 and E3 cells that may relay information from the CSF to underlying neural circuits along the ventral midline.
The SPLASH project (2004–2006) revealed complex population structure and migratory connections, but no regional effort was made along the southern Mexican Pacific coast until dedicated research was ...initiated in 2010. It is unclear whether humpback whales documented in this region belong to the Mexican or Central American population units. This study aimed to establish the relationship between humpback whales of southern Mexico and those of the surrounding population units. Humpback whale photo‐identification images were compared from multiple locations in north, central, and southern Mexico and Central America. Whales' movements among regions were estimated using the Interchange Index (InI) and the Movement Index (MI). The results showed higher movements among the southern sampling areas, suggesting that whales from southern Mexico belong to the “Central American population unit.” This population unit migrates north to the feeding areas of the US West Coast using a migratory corridor along mainland Mexico to the mouth of the Gulf of California along the Baja California Peninsula. The degree of interaction with humpback whales from other population units is unknown. More studies are needed to understand population structure and disentangle photographic capture of whales on migration from whales where this is their main wintering area.
El estudio de un tema que se visualiza y luego se comprende es una actividad de investigación recurrente que se ejerce para alcanzar objetivos previamente trazados. El objetivo central es el análisis ...del fenómeno social de la corrupción, que se proyecta desde el pedestal de la Teoría Social. Los fenómenos sociales son de escrutinio público. Profundizar en conceptos que forman parte de las actividades sociales del ser humano lleva a utilizar recursos de investigación y formalizar su aprendizaje para concluir en modelos de desarrollo. El presente ensayo especializado descriptivo tiene como finalidad el analizar las implicaciones de la Teoría Social en las Capacidades Estatales como referencia positiva de la disciplina en fenómenos sociales contemporáneos, con una metodología de análisis cualitativo exploratorio. Es necesario definir comportamientos recurrentes cuando el observador se convierte en observado e inyecta una dosis de prejuicio en cuestiones que afectan a su vida cotidiana.
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