The accuracy of the polarisation calibration is of prime importance for aerosol classification using lidars. We present a detailed description how to obtain the calibration parameters introduced in ...2016 1 accounting for various effects of non-ideal optics, lasers and atmospheric conditions. We find that crucial parameters such as the rotation angle of the plane of polarisation of the Laser (
RotL
) as well as the degree of linear polarisation (
DOLP
) influence the volume linear depolarisation ratio significantly.
We develop a model of electoral competition in which citizens choose whether or not to run as candidates. A winner implements her favorite policy. The equilibrium number of candidates depends ...negatively on the cost of running and positively on the benefits of winning. For some parameter values all equilibria under plurality rule have exactly two candidates, whose positions are distinct. Two-candidate elections are more likely under plurality rule than under a runoff system (cf. Duverger's Law). The candidates' positions are less differentiated under a runoff system. There exist equilibria under both systems in which some candidates have no chance of winning.
We present a method for quantifying a risk for killer defects at layer level and estimating yield for substrate packages using information from design files. To calculate risk ranks and predicted ...yield, we define a risk distance that is a key parameter extracted from designs using image processing techniques. In order to validate our model, we analyze two different designs, each having multiple layers, and compare with data from baseline lots. It is shown that there is an inverse correlation between risk layer ranks and yield. Estimated yield based on our model is compared with baseline yield for four layers of the second design. The model-to-baseline yield difference is less than 1% for three layers we tested.
Background
Insertion of self‐expanding metallic stents for obstructing colorectal cancer (CRC) is a potential alternative to emergency resection, but evidence regarding efficacy is inconclusive. We ...aim to assess local efficacy of stent insertion for obstructing CRC, and to establish whether the service could be offered regionally.
Method
Retrospective patient data analysis using local paper notes and electronic records was performed. All patients underwent stent insertion for an obstructing CRC from April 2004 to March 2014. The main outcome measures were success of stent insertion, complications, further surgery and overall mortality.
Results
Eighty‐nine stent insertions were performed. Twenty‐five were performed as a bridge to surgery, 49 due to advanced disease, 11 due to patient co‐morbidity and four due to patient choice. Time from referral to stent insertion for emergency referrals was 1–360 h (median 23). Eighty‐seven stents were successfully deployed. Perforation occurred in three patients and migration in nine patients. Twenty‐one patients underwent planned surgery (time to surgery was 2–208 days, median 24), 14 patients underwent emergency surgery (time to surgery was 0–277 days, median 11). Forty‐six patients have died since stent insertion (time to death was 0–42 months, median 6.04).
Conclusion
Stent insertion for obstructing CRC is a viable alternative to emergency resection, with a low complication rate. Stent insertion may allow a proportion of patients to later undergo planned surgery. Stent insertion carries a lower peri‐procedure mortality than emergency resection. An acute stent insertion service for obstructing CRC could potentially be offered at regional level in our Trust.
The formation of 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and strand breaks in DNA by Fenton-type reactions by mixtures of two of five metal ions, iron (II), cadmium (II), nickel (II), chromium (III) or ...copper (II), has been investigated and compared to their formation by each single metal ion. Salmon sperm DNA and pBluescript K+ plasmid were each incubated with hydrogen peroxide and metal ions. The formation of 8-OHdG declined in the Fe (II) or Cu (II) Fenton reaction upon addition of Cd (II) or Ni (II) ion. In contrast, the Fe (II) reaction upon addition of Cr (III) ion showed an additive influence on the formation of 8-OHdG. Furthermore, the Cu (II) plus Cr (III) reaction showed a synergistic effect. These influences relate to the interaction of metal ions with DNA, the potentials of the metal ions to generate activated oxygen and electron transfer between metal ions. The formation of DNA strand breaks was investigated in plasmid DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis and subsequent densitometry. The formation of DNA strand breaks in the Fe (II) or Cu (II) Fenton reaction decreased upon the addition of Ni (II) ion, as with the formation of 8-OHdG mediated by these metal ions. On the other hand, the formation of DNA strand breaks in the Fe (II) reaction decreased upon addition of Cr (III) ion, and the Cu (II) plus Cr (III) reaction did not show the synergistic influence on DNA strand breaks. These results suggest that interactions between two metal ions can influence the generation of 8-OHdG and the formation of DNA strand breaks and demonstrate that these lesions can arise by different mechanisms.
Cost Benefit Analyses versus Referenda Osborne, Martin J.; Turner, Matthew A.
The Journal of political economy,
02/2010, Letnik:
118, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We consider a planner who chooses between two public policies and ask whether a referendum or a cost benefit analysis leads to higher welfare. We find that a referendum leads to higher welfare than a ...cost benefit analysis in a “common value” environment. Cost benefit analysis is better in a “private value” environment.
3-Nitrobenzanthrone (3-nitro-7H-benzdeanthracen-7-one, 3-NBA) is a potent mutagen and suspected human carcinogen identified in diesel exhaust and air pollution. We compared the ability of human ...hepatic cytosolic samples to catalyze DNA adduct formation by 3-NBA. Using the (32)P-postlabeling method, we found that 12/12 hepatic cytosols activated 3-NBA to form multiple DNA adducts similar to those formed in vivo in rodents. By comparing 3-NBA-DNA adduct formation in the presence of cofactors of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) and xanthine oxidase, most of the reductive activation of 3-NBA in human hepatic cytosols was attributed to NQO1. Inhibition of adduct formation by dicoumarol, an NQO1 inhibitor, supported this finding and was confirmed with human recombinant NQO1. When cofactors of N,O-acetyltransferases (NAT) and sulfotransferases (SULT) were added to cytosolic samples, 3-NBA-DNA adduct formation increased 10- to 35-fold. Using human recombinant NQO1 and NATs or SULTs, we found that mainly NAT2, followed by SULT1A2, NAT1, and, to a lesser extent, SULT1A1 activate 3-NBA. We also evaluated the role of hepatic NADPH:cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) in the activation of 3-NBA in vivo by treating hepatic POR-null mice and wild-type littermates i.p. with 0.2 or 2 mg/kg body weight of 3-NBA. No difference in DNA binding was found in any tissue examined (liver, lung, kidney, bladder, and colon) between null and wild-type mice, indicating that 3-NBA is predominantly activated by cytosolic nitroreductases rather than microsomal POR. Collectively, these results show the role of human hepatic NQO1 to reduce 3-NBA to species being further activated by NATs and SULTs.
A Course in Game Theory presents the main ideas of game theory at a level suitable for graduate students and advanced undergraduates, emphasizing the theory's foundations and interpretations of its ...basic concepts. The authors provide precise definitions and full proofs of results, sacrificing generalities and limiting the scope of the material in order to do so. The text is organized in four parts: strategic games, extensive games with perfect information, extensive games with imperfect information, and coalitional games. It includes over 100 exercises.
PARTY FORMATION IN SINGLE-ISSUE POLITICS Osborne, Martin J.; Tourky, Rabee
Journal of the European Economic Association,
September 2008, Letnik:
6, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We study the implications of economies of party size in a model of party formation. We show that when the policy space is one-dimensional, candidates form at most two parties. This result does not ...depend on the magnitude of the economies of party size or sensitively on the nature of the individuals' preferences. It does depend on our assumptions that the policy space is one-dimensional and that uncertainty is absent; we study how modifications of these assumptions affect our conclusions.
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