Berberine is a compound with a wide spectrum of biological activity, synthesized in cell culture of
Thalictrum
minus
medicinal plant. The effect of an abiotic elicitor (Cu
2+
) on
Thalictrum
minus
...cell culture growth and biosynthesis of protoberberine alkaloids in it at different stages of the growth cycle was studied. The fast reaction (after 2 h) and the long reaction (at the end of the growth cycle) were evaluated. The greatest effect on the increase in protoberberine alkaloids was observed after exposure to 20 and 25 mg/L Cu
2+
on day 0 after 2 h, which was by 49 and 114% higher than the control, respectively, while maintaining growth at the control level. By the end of the growth cycle, the cell mass and the content of protoberberine alkaloids decreased by 67–70 and 27–53%, respectively (toxic effect). At 5 mg/L (Cu
2+
), the reaction was the opposite. After 2 h, growth stimulation was observed by 48% and a decrease in the content of protoberberine alkaloids by 48% relative to the control. By the end of the growth cycle, the excess of growth by 50% remained, and the content of protoberberine alkaloids increased by 60% relative to the control. If the impact of Cu
2+
was carried out in the middle of the growth cycle, at a concentration of 20 and 25 mg/L, both with a quick reaction (after 2 h) and by the end of the growth cycle, there was a decrease in growth by 65–71% and the content of protoberberine alkaloids by 52–70%. At 5 mg/L of copper ions, the excess of growth by 50–54% remained, and the content of alkaloids remained at the control level. Reaction at 10 mg/L of Cu
2+
ions was intermediate. The conducted studies have shown the promise of using low concentrations of copper ions for
Thalictrum
minus
cell culture. The content of protoberberine alkaloids increased against the background of cell culture growth stimulation at the end of the growth cycle.
The paper reports simulation results on gravity stress fields of the inhomogeneous Earth’s tectonosphere. The investigation is performed using an algorithm for studying the stable movement of the ...tectonosphere in a gravity field, whose stress-strain state is characterized by a nonuniform distribution of physical and mechanical properties. In a 3D coordinate system (depth, latitude, longitude), the kinematics is described by the Green strain tensor components, the stress state is described by the asymmetric Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor, and the deformability of the medium is described by the Murnaghan equation of state. The results are used to analyze the inhomogeneous gravity stress fields in the Earth’s crust caused by its nonuniform density distribution through the parameter
The calculation of gravity stress intensity fields and modeling of the block-layer structure of the crust are carried out for the profile of the Central Kurils. The spatial stress distribution, local features, and concentration of isolines of the stress field are consistent with the density differentiation of the Earth’s crust along the given profile. A detailed description of the block-layer structure of the crust along the Central Kurils profile is provided for the hypocenter of the 2006 Simushir earthquake.
The review analyzes modern criteria for early diagnosis of renal damage in hypertensive patients. Based on numerous studies, the role of impaired renal function markers and renal artery Doppler ...ultrasound in the diagnosis of hypertensive nephropathy is indicated. A search was made for the relationship between laboratory criteria for kidney damage and renal Doppler ultrasound characteristics in hypertensive patients. In addition, the importance of revealing intrarenal hemodynamic disorders in the early diagnosis of hypertensive nephropathy was established.
We present an improved method for the precise reconstruction of cosmic-ray air showers above 1017 eV with sparse radio arrays. The method is based on the comparison of measured pulses to predictions ...for radio pulse shapes by CoREAS simulations. We applied our method to the data of Tunka-Rex, a 1 km2 radio array in Siberia operating in the frequency band of 30–80 MHz. Tunka-Rex is triggered by the air-Cherenkov detector Tunka-133 and by scintillators (Tunka-Grande). The instrument collects air-shower data since 2012. The present paper describes an updated data analysis of Tunka-Rex and details of the new method applied. After quality cuts, when Tunka-Rex reaches its full efficiency, the energy resolution of about 10% given by the new method has reached the limit of systematic uncertainties due to the calibration uncertainty and shower-to-shower fluctuations. At the same time the shower maximum reconstruction has improved compared to the previous method based on the slope of the lateral distribution and reaches a precision of better than 35 g/cm2. We also define conditions of the measurements at which the shower maximum resolution of Tunka-Rex reaches a value of 25 g/cm2 and becomes competitive to optical detectors. To check and validate our reconstruction and efficiency cuts we compare individual events to the reconstruction of Tunka-133. Furthermore, we compare the mean of the shower maximum as a function of primary energy to the measurements of other experiments.
Plasma spraying is used to prepare a silicon carbide (SiC) coating on a titanium alloy VT6 base. A coating is formed by superposition of molten particles up to 90 μm in size with rounded ...microparticles up to 10 μm in size secured on their surface. Coating microhardness is not uniform, there are areas with 1200–1500
HV
and 450–700
HV
, and wear resistance corresponds to the class KI7/1. Coatings exhibit hydrophilic properties. Surface roughness is
Ra
2.68 μm.
Since 1972, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Convention aims to identify and protect sites of Outstanding Universal Value for future ...generations. However, growing impacts of climate change are of the utmost concern for the integrity of many sites. Here, we inventory the glaciers present in natural World Heritage sites for the first time. We found 19,000 glaciers in 46 sites located all over the world. We analyze their recent evolution, current state, and project their mass change over the 21st century. Our results are based on a comprehensive review of the literature as well as a state‐of‐the‐art glaciological model for computing glacier responses up to 2100. Illustrating the strong influence of CO2 emission scenarios and human actions on future ice loss magnitude, we project the wastage of 33% to 60% of the 2017 cumulative ice volume of 12,000 km3 of World Heritage glaciers by 2100. Furthermore, we expect complete glacier extinction in 8 to 21 of the investigated World Heritage sites until the end of the century, depending on the climate scenario. We suggest that World Heritage glaciers should be considered as analogs to endangered umbrella, keystone, and flagship species, whose conservation would secure wider environmental and social benefits at global scale.
Plain Language Summary
The World Heritage convention aims at protecting the Earth's outmost assets and commits humanity to transmit them to future generations. However, many World Heritage sites are affected by anthropogenic climate change. Here, we present the first study on the glaciers located within the natural World Heritage sites. We inventoried 19,000 World Heritage glaciers and projected their mass changes over the 21st century. The results emphasize that major glacier decline will occur in these iconic sites in future decades. Nevertheless, ice loss magnitude will vary by a factor of 2 according to CO2 emission scenarios and thus human activities. This study points out how the conservation of World Heritage glaciers could serve as a leverage and a target to tackle the unprecedented issue of climate change. Glaciers are more than disappearing passive climatic indicators. They are key components of planetary ecosystems that influence global climate and sea level, as well as water fluxes, human activities, or biodiversity at the regional scale. The conservation of these iconic endangered features could thus mobilize global‐scale conservation and climate mitigation benefits. In this context, we show how drastic reduction of emissions will rapidly curb melt rates and safeguard a large glacier volume on the long term.
Key Points
First inventory and study of the 19,000 glaciers located in natural World Heritage sites is presented
In response to anthropogenic warming, these glaciers are expected to lose 33% to 60% of their volume by 2100
The conservation of World Heritage glaciers is paramount in a changing climate because of their key role in planetary ecosystems
Properties of the interface between Si(111) and 3C–SiC(111) grown by the method of coordinated substitution of atoms have been studied using the density-functional method within the spin-polarized ...approximation. The most favorable atomic configuration at the interface has been found. It is shown that SiC faces Si with a carbon plane, and SiC detaches 3 out of 16 Si atoms from the second layer of substrate atoms. As a result, three Si atoms in the substrate have three bonds each (instead of four), while three C atoms in the lower layer of the SiC film also have three bonds. These atoms have a magnetic moment owing to unpaired
p
electrons. It is established that this interface is a typical semiconductor with respect to up-spin electron and a two-dimensional ferromagnetic metal relative to down-spin electron.
Abstract
In this article the process of induction-thermal modification of titanium coatings formed by electroplasma spraying was considered. The influence of the inductor current on the temperature ...of processed samples was experimentally established. The research results showed that thermal treatment of the samples with titanium coatings at a temperature of 750–1200 °C and a duration of 300 s led to an increase in porosity from 56±2 to 61±1 % and in microhardness from 1035–1532 to 1825–1883 HV
0,98
, the sprayed layer thickness decreased from 320±30 to 114±15 μm as well. A change of nanoscale structural elements shape was also observed.
We present physical motivations and advantages of the new gamma-observatory TAIGA (Tunka Advanced Instrument for cosmic ray physics and gamma-ray astronomy). TAIGA will be located in the Tunka ...valley, 50km to the west of Lake Baikal, at the same place as the integrating air Cherenkov detector for cosmic rays Tunka-133. The TAIGA array is a complex, hybrid detector for ground-based gamma-ray astronomy for energies from a few TeV to several PeV as well as for cosmic ray studies from 100TeV to several EeV. The array will consist of a wide angle Cherenkov array – TAIGA-HiSCORE with 5km2 area, a net of 16 IACT telescopes (with FOV of about 9.72°×9.72°) as well as muon and other detectors. We present the current status of the array construction.
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