The aim of the research is to assess the potential of agricultural biomass available in European Union countries that can be used for energy purposes. The research took into account the potential of ...agricultural biomass from: straw from cereal crops, hay from permanent grasslands, natural fertilizers from animal husbandry, cultivation of energy crops on fallow land and waste wood from permanent crops. The study estimated the theoretical potential presenting the energy value of all existing agricultural biomass resources in EU countries and the technical potential taking into account agricultural biomass resources that are not used in agriculture. The research was based on Eurostat data for 2019. The conducted research shows that European Union countries are characterized by a significant potential of agricultural biomass. However, due to the high demand for this resource in agriculture, about 15% of the existing potential can be used for energy purposes. Among the analyzed sources, the highest potential is characterized by straw from cereal crops and by the cultivation of energy crops on fallow land. The conducted research also indicates a large spatial differentiation of the potential of agricultural biomass in European Union countries, which may have a negative impact on the economic efficiency of using this renewable energy source.
Nowadays, titanium and its alloys are widely used materials in implantology. Nevertheless, the greatest challenge is still its appropriate surface treatment in order to induce optimal properties, ...which facilitates formation of a permanent bond between the implant and human tissue. The use of electrochemical treatment such as anodic oxidation or plasma electrolytic oxidation allows for the production of porous coating that mimics the bone structure and accelerates the osseointegration process. The literature shows that the morphology, thickness, crystallinity, chemical composition, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of coatings, as well as their bioactivity, strongly depend on the parameters of electrochemical processes (voltage, duration, composition and temperature of the electrolyte). The purpose of this study is to review, summarize, and analyze the latest accomplishments and trends in the development of coatings used in implantology, produced with the use of electrochemical oxidation and micro arc oxidation. Recent progress and future challenges associated with the surface modification of titanium and its alloy for biomedical applications have been discussed.
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The article is intended to show, using the examples from Polish law, how strongly the owner’s right to abandon a thing is limited. First of all, the legal structure of the abandonment and its ...current, very universal legal form are presented. Next, some categories of things that cannot be abandoned in Polish law are distinguished, and further examples of relevant private and public law regulations are provided. Finally, the conclusion is drawn that, despite the granted right to abandon a thing, it is usually not problematic to abandon only completely safe things of low economic value.
The main aim of the article is to assess the potential of agricultural biomass and the possibility of its use for energy purposes in Polish voivodeships. Five sources of agricultural biomass were ...analyzed: straw, hay, waste wood from orchards, perennial energy crops, and natural fertilizers. For the purposes of the research, the theoretical and technical potential of agricultural biomass was estimated. The potential of agricultural biomass was estimated for Polish voivodeships based on the data of the 2020 Agricultural Census. The conducted research shows that Polish voivodeships have a significant theoretical potential for agricultural biomass. However, due to the fact that biomass is widely used in plant production (as a natural fertilizer) and animal production (as fodder or bedding), only about 40% of the identified theoretical potential can be used for energy purposes. The research also shows that the dominant source of agricultural biomass that can be used in Poland is straw from cereal crops. Moreover, a significant part of the identified potential is located in the western part of Poland (Wielkopolskie, Dolnośląskie, Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Zachodniopomorskie voivodships) and partly in the east (Lubelskie voivodship). Although the possibility of using natural fertilizers for energy purposes has not been identified, the theoretical potential of which is very high, an increase in the importance of renewable energy from agricultural biogas plants should be expected in the near future. This is due to the changes taking place in the storage and management of natural fertilizers.
π–π stacking are omnipresent interactions, crucial in many areas of chemistry, and often studied using quantum chemical methods. Here, we report a simple and computationally efficient method of ...estimating the binding energies of stacked polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons based on steered molecular dynamics. This method leverages the force field parameters for accurate calculation. The presented results show good agreement with those obtained through DFT at the ωB97X-D3/cc-pVQZ level of theory. It is demonstrated that this force field-driven SMD method can be applied to other aromatic molecules, allowing insight into the complexity of the stacking interactions and, more importantly, reporting π–π stacking energy values with reasonable precision.
Essential tremor is one of the most common neurological disorders, however, it is not sufficiently controlled with currently available pharmacotherapy. Our recent study has shown that pramipexole, a ...drug efficient in inhibiting parkinsonian tremor, reduced the harmaline-induced tremor in rats, generally accepted to be a model of essential tremor. The aim of the present study was to investigate brain targets for the tremorolytic effect of pramipexole by determination of the early activity-dependent gene
zif-268
mRNA expression. Tremor in rats was induced by harmaline administered at a dose of 15 mg/kg
ip
. Pramipexole was administered at a low dose of 0.1 mg/kg
sc
. Tremor was measured by Force Plate Actimeters where four force transducers located below the corners of the plate tracked the animal’s position on a Cartesian plane. The
zif-268
mRNA expression was analyzed by in situ hybridization in brain slices. Harmaline induced tremor and increased
zif-268
mRNA levels in the inferior olive, cerebellar cortex, ventroanterior/ventrolateral thalamic nuclei and motor cortex. Pramipexole reversed both the harmaline-induced tremor and the increase in
zif-268
mRNA expression in the inferior olive, cerebellar cortex and motor cortex. Moreover, the tremor intensity correlated positively with
zif-268
mRNA expression in the above structures. The present results seem to suggest that the tremorolytic effect of pramipexole is related to the modulation of the harmaline-increased neuronal activity in the tremor network which includes the inferior olive, cerebellar cortex and motor cortex. Potential mechanisms underlying the above pramipexole action are discussed.
This paper aims to present the motivation of exhibitors participating in food festivals to establish and run a business. The conducted research is an attempt to fill the gap in research on exhibitors ...who participate in food festivals. During three different Polish culinary festivals, 58 in-depth interviews with exhibitors were conducted. Based on the research, the main startup business motives were identified. The current goals of exhibitors’ participation in culinary festivals were also analyzed. Based on the list of motives and goals, three groups of exhibitors were distinguished with similar characteristics (starting own business, continuation of family traditions, and culinary interest). The study also takes into account the changes that have occurred between the startup’s business motives and the goals of participation in the festival (“business-business”, “business-business-business-family”, and “business-passion-passion-business”). The comparison of the initial motives for setting up a business with the current goals of participating in food festivals shows that, regardless of the initial motives, the exhibitors currently focus on business goals.
The numerus clausus of property rights indicates that a mandatory closed catalogue of property rights exists in a given legal system; the content (method of creation, conveyance, expiration) of a ...right falling within this closed list is strictly specified and cannot be changed by the parties. In this way, the state consciously limits the activity of the parties in this regard, indicating the socially and legally acceptable types of property rights they can use. An insightful look at the development and explanation of this principle over the centuries and now seems to be necessary with the advancing unification of private law in Europe. The present article discusses the dogmatic basis of the concept of numerus clausus and outlines its history and economic reasoning behind it. Then, the main models of the numerus clausus in European legal orders as well as the functioning of this principle in Polish property law are presented. Subsequently, the strengths and weaknesses of the numerus clausus are examined. This provides us with general conclusions concerning the harmonization of this area of private law.
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