The effects of a bilateral blockade of neo- and palleostriatal GABAergic mechanisms on catalepsy and muscle rigidity resulting from picrotoxin injection into the substantia nigra pars reticulata ...(SNR) were studied. The catalepsy and rigidity were induced by a unilateral injection of 100 ng/0.5 microliter of picrotoxin. Bilateral injections of 250 ng/l microliter of picrotoxin into the intermediate-ventral parts of the caudato-putamen (CP) abolished the catalepsy but had no effect on the muscle rigidity induced by an intranigral injection of the drug. Bilateral injections of 250 ng/l microliter of picrotoxin into the globus pallidus (GP) did not influence the catalepsy and rigidity induced by the intranigral injection of the drug. The results indicate that the impulses, connected with the catalepsy evoked from the SNR seem to be transmitted back to the CP and blocked therein by inhibition of GABAergic synapses in its intermediate-ventral part. The impulses, connected with the muscle rigidity evoked from the SNR, presumably do not return to the striatum.
The aim of this study was to assess the influence of agmatine (AGM – an endogenous neuromodulator / neurotransmitter in the brain) on the protective action of two antiepileptic drugs (clobazam CLB ...and pregabalin PGB) in the mouse maximal electroshock seizure (MES) model. Results indicate that AGM at a dose of 100 mg/kg, i.p., 45 min before the test had no significant effect on the anticonvulsant action of CLB or PGB in the MES test in mice. Moreover, the examined combination of AGM with CLB and PGB (at doses from the MES test) did not affect motor coordination in the chimney test and muscular strength in the grip-strength test in mice, indicating no acute adverse effects in animals. Based on the results from this study, it can be concluded that the lack of effect of AGM on the anti-convulsant action of CLB and PGB in the mouse MES model associated with no acute adverse effects in animals, make the combinations of AGM with CLB and PGB neutral from a preclinical point of view.
Room Temperature Two Component Nematic Mixtures of Thiobenzoates Ossowska-Chruściel, M. D.; Chruściel, J.; Wojciechowska, S. ...
Molecular crystals and liquid crystals science and technology. Section A, Molecular crystals and liquid crystals,
20/7/1/, Letnik:
363, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Results of the polymorphism investigation of three nematic liquid crystalline mixtures made of four compounds belonging to the thioester homologous series: 4-n-pentylphenyl-4′-n-alkoxythiobenzoate ...(in short nOS5, where n=4,5,6,7 stands for the number of carbon atoms in the alkoxy chain) are presented. Three out of them 4OS5, 5OS5 and 6OS5 possesses only enantiotropic nematic phases whereas 7OS5 possess a monotropic smectic C phase. The principal component of the mixtures was 4OS5 and the following mixtures: 4OS5/5OS5, 4OS5/6OS5 and 4OS5/7OS5 were prepared. The transition temperatures of all compounds and the binary mixtures were determined by means of DSC calorimetry and polarizing microscopy methods. For all concentrations linear dependence of T
cl
was observed. The widest temperature range of the nematic phase (from -6°C to 86°C) was obtained for the 4OS5/7OS5 system. For this system a tricritical point at cooling the mixture containing 63% of 7OS5 was obtained. For all examined mixtures the eutectic point is observed on heating.
Naša kulturna baština sadrži brojne opšte postavke o moralu kao celovitom sistemu društvenih normi. Među najstarijim idejama u ovoj oblasti su one o izvoru morala. Seđamo se da Trazimah u Platonovoj ...Državi tvrdi da su moćnici stvorili moral za one kojima vladaju, da bi tako lakše njima manipulisali. »Svaka vlast postavlja zakone za svoju korist, pučka puku korisne, pojedinac sebi, a tako i ostale; postavivši zakone proglase, da je to, tj. njihova korist, pravedno za podložnike, i koji to prestupa, kazne ga, što krši zakone i krivo čini.«
Morality is the creation of those who stand to benefit from it. But in addition to the question of the source of morality, its evolution is equally significant. The development of cultural ...anthropology has shown the falseness of the idea of unilinear evolution. Furthermore, the evolutionistic concept of morality confuses facts & principles, as in the theory of transition from heteronomy to autonomy, which remains empirically unverified. A persistent explanation of the function of morality is that its rules serve to satisfy some social need (Montesquieu). However, that functionalist view fails to account for societies which do not condemn moral rules which may be harmful to their existence. The dysfunctionality of certain patterns is illustrated by reference to medieval codes of chivalry which continued to be adhered to for a long time even after it became clear that those who practiced them were at a great disadvantage in the conduct of warfare. S. Karganovic.
Chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) model of depression is one of the well validated animal models of depression. In this paper, we report the results of investigations into dopaminergic D-1 and ...serotonergic 5-HT-2A receptors in the brain of rats subjected to CUS procedure and treated chronically with imipramine. We have examined the dopaminergic D-1 (3H-SCH 23390) in the limbic area and serotonergic 5-HT-2A (3H-ketanserin) receptors in the cerebral cortex by a saturation radioligand binding method in rats subjected to CUS paradigm, imipramine, both CUS and imipramine and control animals. CUS procedure resulted in a significant 36% increase in the D-1 receptor density in the limbic system, which was attenuated by chronic imipramine treatment. Also a 21% increase in the density of 5-HT-2A receptors in the cerebral cortex induced by CUS was reduced by chronic imipramine treatment. The present data indicate that the increases in the density of brain D-1 and 5-HT-2A receptors of rats subjected to CUS, which are "normalized" by imipramine, might be involved in the pathophysiology of "animal depression" (and, thus, in pathophysiology of human depression) and in the mechanism of antidepressant therapy.
Acknowledgment is made of the publication in New York in 1967 of B. Malinowski's DIARY IN THE STRICT SENSE OF THE TERM. After a short review of the diary itself & commentaries about it by R. Firth & ...C. Geertz in the New York Review of Books, an appeal is made to Polish publishing houses to make an effort to publish the diary in Polish. J. Gross.
The behavioural and histological effects of unilateral or bilateral lesions induced by kainic acid injections into the globus pallidus were investigated in rats. Both lesions provoked a behavioural ...syndrome similar to those seen in animals treated systemically with neuroleptics or opiates. Animals displayed akinesia, ptosis, catalepsy, hypothermia and muscular rigidity. Also a marked hypersensitivity to touch, and a sensory neglect to touch and pain limited to hindlegs, adipsia, aphagia and high mortality of lesioned rats were observed. These symptoms were much stronger and lasted longer (catalepsy lasted over 15 days) in bilaterally lesioned animals. Subcutaneous injections of apomorphine in bilaterally lesioned rats abolished akinesia and catalepsy while rigidity and ptosis were unaffected. In unilaterally lesioned rats in which the lesion-induced spontaneous catalepsy already disappeared the spiperone-induced catalepsy was suppressed while in bilaterally lesioned animals which showed still pronounced lesion-induced catalepsy the spiperone-induced catalepsy was unchanged when compared to the sham-operated rats. Our results and the literature data suggest that the lesions of the globus pallidus produce biphasic effects: spontaneous catalepsy and unchanged neuroleptic catalepsy in the first phase and suppression of the neuroleptic catalepsy in the second phase. The role of the globus pallidus as a distal link (for neostriatum and n. accumbens) in neuronal chain forming a matrix of central patterns of catalepsy, akinesia and rigidity is discussed.
Studies showing the presence of glucocorticoids, and their binding sites in the central nervous system indicate that these hormones may affect central neurotransmission. Both, dopaminergic brain ...system and glucocorticoids are considered to be involved in certain psychopathological conditions in humans, including depression, addiction or schizophrenia. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of glucocorticoids on dopamine agonists-induced stereotyped behavior and locomotor hyperactivity in rats. The results of the experiment demonstrate that prior to administration of prednisolone (4, 6, 10 or 20 mg/kg) or dexamethasone (4 or 8 mg/kg) intensified and prolonged the stereotypy induced by apomorphine (1 mg/kg sc) or amphetamine (2 mg/kg ip). The effect of dexamethasone was more potent. Amphetamine (0.4 mg/kg)- or amantadine (50 mg/kg)-induced locomotor hyperactivity was significantly reduced in rats pretreated with dexamethasone at a dose of 8 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg. Our observations suggest that exogenous glucocorticoids may enhance the activity of the dopaminergic agonists in the striatum but reduce it in the mesolimbic system of rats.
