The two most urgent and interlinked environmental challenges humanity faces are climate change and biodiversity loss. We are entering a pivotal decade for both the international biodiversity and ...climate change agendas with the sharpening of ambitious strategies and targets by the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Within their respective Conventions, the biodiversity and climate interlinked challenges have largely been addressed separately. There is evidence that conservation actions that halt, slow or reverse biodiversity loss can simultaneously slow anthropogenic mediated climate change significantly. This review highlights conservation actions which have the largest potential for mitigation of climate change. We note that conservation actions have mainly synergistic benefits and few antagonistic trade‐offs with climate change mitigation. Specifically, we identify direct co‐benefits in 14 out of the 21 action targets of the draft post‐2020 global biodiversity framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity, notwithstanding the many indirect links that can also support both biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation. These relationships are context and scale‐dependent; therefore, we showcase examples of local biodiversity conservation actions that can be incentivized, guided and prioritized by global objectives and targets. The close interlinkages between biodiversity, climate change mitigation, other nature's contributions to people and good quality of life are seldom as integrated as they should be in management and policy. This review aims to re‐emphasize the vital relationships between biodiversity conservation actions and climate change mitigation in a timely manner, in support to major Conferences of Parties that are about to negotiate strategic frameworks and international goals for the decades to come.
This review provides evidence that biodiversity conservation actions have mostly synergistic benefits and few antagonistic trade‐offs with climate change mitigation. Specifically, we identify co‐benefits in 14 out of the 21 action targets of the draft post‐2020 global biodiversity framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity. These relationships are context‐ and scale‐dependent; therefore, based on 12 case studies in different parts of the world, we showcase local biodiversity conservation actions that can be incentivized, guided and prioritized by global objectives and targets. We highlight the close interlinkages between biodiversity, climate change mitigation, other nature's contributions to people and good quality of life which need to be better integrated in management and policy.
A multitude of actions to protect, sustainably manage and restore natural and modified ecosystems can have co‐benefits for both climate mitigation and biodiversity conservation. Reducing greenhouse ...emissions to limit warming to less than 1.5 or 2°C above preindustrial levels, as outlined in the Paris Agreement, can yield strong co‐benefits for land, freshwater and marine biodiversity and reduce amplifying climate feedbacks from ecosystem changes. Not all climate mitigation strategies are equally effective at producing biodiversity co‐benefits, some in fact are counterproductive. Moreover, social implications are often overlooked within the climate‐biodiversity nexus. Protecting biodiverse and carbon‐rich natural environments, ecological restoration of potentially biodiverse and carbon‐rich habitats, the deliberate creation of novel habitats, taking into consideration a locally adapted and meaningful (i.e. full consequences considered) mix of these measures, can result in the most robust win‐win solutions. These can be further enhanced by avoidance of narrow goals, taking long‐term views and minimizing further losses of intact ecosystems. In this review paper, we first discuss various climate mitigation actions that evidence demonstrates can negatively impact biodiversity, resulting in unseen and unintended negative consequences. We then examine climate mitigation actions that co‐deliver biodiversity and societal benefits. We give examples of these win‐win solutions, categorized as ‘protect, restore, manage and create’, in different regions of the world that could be expanded, upscaled and used for further innovation.
A multitude of actions to protect, sustainably manage and restore natural and modified ecosystems can have co‐benefits for both climate mitigation and biodiversity conservation. Reducing greenhouse emissions to limit warming to less than 1.5 or 2°C above preindustrial levels, as outlined in the Paris Agreement, can yield strong co‐benefits for land, freshwater and marine biodiversity and reduce amplifying climate feedbacks from ecosystem changes. Not all climate mitigation strategies are equally effective at producing biodiversity co‐benefits, some are counterproductive. We examine climate mitigation actions that co‐deliver biodiversity and societal benefits that could be expanded, upscaled and used for further innovation.
On Ceres, multispectral imaging data from the Dawn spacecraft show a distinct bluish characteristic for recently exposed material from the subsurface in, for example, crater ejecta. Ejecta blankets ...of presumably old craters show a more reddish spectrum. We selected areas in which fresh material from the Cerean subsurface was exposed at a specific time in the past, and no later geologic process is expected to have changed its surface composition or its cratering record. For each area, we determined two color ratios and the crater retention age. The measured color ratios show an exponential diminishment of the bluish characteristic over time. Although the cause of the color change remains uncertain, the time‐dependent change in spectral properties is evident, which could help identify the process.
Key Points
On Ceres recently exposed materials such as proximal crater ejecta show spectrally bluish characteristic
Crater ejecta can be dated by measurement of crater size‐frequency distributions
Correlation of color ratios and ejecta formation ages are used to derive a functional relationship for the optical maturation process
Craters on Ceres, such as Haulani, Kupalo, Ikapati, and Occator show postimpact modification by the deposition of extended plains material with pits, multiple lobate flows, and widely dispersed ...deposits that form a diffuse veneer on the preexisting surface. Bright material units in these features have a negative spectral slope in the visible range, making it appear bluish with respect to the grey‐toned overall surface of Ceres. We calculate the drop height‐to‐runout length ratio of several flow features and obtain a coefficient of friction of < 0.1: The results imply higher flow efficiency for flow features on Ceres than for similar features on other planetary bodies with similar gravity, suggesting low‐viscosity material. The special association of flow features with impact craters could either point to an impact melt origin or to an exogenic triggering of cryovolcanic processes.
Key Points
We analyzed the geomorphology several flows of craters to prove if they were formed by impact melt or cryovolcanic processes
The low coefficient of friction implies higher flow efficiency for flows on Ceres than for similar features on other planetary bodies
The formation of the flows could be due to the mobility of crustal subsurface reservoirs enriched with hydrated salts by impacts
In August 2017 Bangladesh faced one of its worst river flooding events in recent history. This paper presents, for the first time, an attribution of this precipitation-induced flooding to ...anthropogenic climate change from a combined meteorological and hydrological perspective. Experiments were conducted with three observational datasets and two climate models to estimate changes in the extreme 10-day precipitation event frequency over the Brahmaputra basin up to the present and, additionally, an outlook to 2 .sup.â C warming since pre-industrial times. The precipitation fields were then used as meteorological input for four different hydrological models to estimate the corresponding changes in river discharge, allowing for comparison between approaches and for the robustness of the attribution results to be assessed.
The structure of the upper layer of a comet is a product of its surface activity. The Rosetta Lander Imaging System (ROLIS) on board Philae acquired close-range images of the Agilkia site during its ...descent onto comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. These images reveal a photometrically uniform surface covered by regolith composed of debris and blocks ranging in size from centimeters to 5 meters. At the highest resolution of 1 centimeter per pixel, the surface appears granular, with no apparent deposits of unresolved sand-sized particles. The thickness of the regolith varies across the imaged field from 0 to 1 to 2 meters. The presence of aeolian-like features resembling wind tails hints at regolith mobilization and erosion processes. Modeling suggests that abrasion driven by airfall-induced particle "splashing" is responsible for the observed formations.
The geomorphology of Ceres Buczkowski, D. L.; Schmidt, B. E.; Williams, D. A. ...
Science,
09/2016, Letnik:
353, Številka:
6303
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Analysis of Dawn spacecraft Framing Camera image data allows evaluation of the topography and geomorphology of features on the surface of Ceres. The dwarf planet is dominated by numerous craters, but ...other features are also common. Linear structures include both those associated with impact craters and those that do not appear to have any correlation to an impact event. Abundant lobate flows are identified, and numerous domical features are found at a range of scales. Features suggestive of near-surface ice, cryomagmatism, and cryovolcanism have been identified. Although spectroscopic analysis has currently detected surface water ice at only one location on Ceres, the identification of these potentially ice-related features suggests that there may be at least some ice in localized regions in the crust.
Abstract
Context
Aggressive pituitary tumors (APTs) are characterized by unusually rapid growth and lack of response to standard treatment. About 1% to 2% develop metastases being classified as ...pituitary carcinomas (PCs). For unknown reasons, the corticotroph tumors are overrepresented among APTs and PCs. Mutations in the alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX) gene, regulating chromatin remodeling and telomere maintenance, have been implicated in the development of several cancer types, including neuroendocrine tumors.
Objective
To study ATRX protein expression and mutational status of the ATRX gene in APTs and PCs.
Design
We investigated ATRX protein expression by using immunohistochemistry in 30 APTs and 18 PCs, mostly of Pit-1 and T-Pit cell lineage. In tumors lacking ATRX immunolabeling, mutational status of the ATRX gene was explored.
Results
Nine of the 48 tumors (19%) demonstrated lack of ATRX immunolabelling with a higher proportion in patients with PCs (5/18; 28%) than in those with APTs (4/30;13%). Lack of ATRX was most common in the corticotroph tumors, 7/22 (32%), versus tumors of the Pit-1 lineage, 2/24 (8%). Loss-of-function ATRX mutations were found in all 9 ATRX immunonegative cases: nonsense mutations (n = 4), frameshift deletions (n = 4), and large deletions affecting 22-28 of the 36 exons (n = 3). More than 1 ATRX gene defect was identified in 2 PCs.
Conclusion
ATRX mutations occur in a subset of APTs and are more common in corticotroph tumors. The findings provide a rationale for performing ATRX immunohistochemistry to identify patients at risk of developing aggressive and potentially metastatic pituitary tumors.
Context
. Asteroid and comet surfaces are exposed to a complex environment that includes low gravity, high temperature gradients, and a bombardment of micrometeorites and cosmic rays. Surface ...material exposed to this environment evolves in a specific way depending on various factors such as the bodies’ size, heliocentric distance, and composition. Fractures in boulders, as seen on asteroid Ryugu, can help to determine and constrain the dominant processes eroding small-body surface materials. It is also possible to estimate fracture growth timescales based on the abundance and length of fractures in boulders.
Aims
. We analyse the number, orientation, and length of fractures on asteroid Ryugu to establish the relation between the fractures and the processes that may have formed them. We also compare our results to similar investigations conducted on other small bodies and estimate the timescale of fracture growth.
Methods
. 198 high-resolution Hayabusa2 images of asteroid Ryugu suitable for our fracture analysis were selected and map-projected. Within these images, fractures in boulders were manually mapped using the QGIS software. The fracture coordinates were extracted and the fractures’ orientation and length were computed for 1521 identified fractures.
Results
. Fractures in boulders on asteroid Ryugu are found to be preferentially north-south aligned, suggesting a formation through thermal erosion. Modeling the fracture length indicates a fracture growth timescale of 30 000 to 40 000 yr, slightly younger than ages found previously for asteroid Bennu. The errors in these ages, due to uncertainties about the thermophysical parameters used in this model, are substantial (−33 000 yr +250 000 yr). However, even with these large errors, the model suggests that thermal fracturing is a geologically fast process. These times are not too dissimilar to those quoted in the literature for Ryugu and Bennu, since similar thermophysical material parameters for Ryugu and Bennu seem likely.
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