Besides a typical high‐density plasma source, electrical explosion of conductors is also indispensable in switches, nanomaterial synthesis, shock‐wave sources, etc. In this paper, an experimental ...study regarding plasma dynamics of electrical wire explosions (μs‐timescale) is presented, with spatiotemporal resolved diagnostics. Pure Cu/Ni wire and Cu‐Ni alloy wire were used and compared. The alloy wire usually has a higher resistivity, resulting in a higher initial energy deposition (heating) rate. Abel inverse transformation indicated that the plasma radiation focussed on the outer region of the discharge channel for the alloy wire. In addition, the metallic vapour determined by the material properties had a considerable influence on the plasma process and resulting nanomaterials. In particular, both transverse and axial‐layered structures were observed in alloy wire vapour. In addition, for the first time, the expanding arc‐like plasma of explosion products was understood and examined from aspects of material properties and energy relaxation. The later stage of wire explosion resembled the state of regular metal vapour arcs under 1 MPa pressure. Finally, the core factor for the fast energy deposition stage of wire explosion was ascertained. Correlations between pre‐exposition circuit parameters and post‐explosion dynamic effects were found, which is significant for practical applications.
Tofu solid waste (TSW), an abundant agricultural waste product from the soy industry, can be used as an excellent source of renewable biomass by the action of microbes, indicating a better ...utilization prospect as opposed to its disposal in landfills or being incinerated. In this study, the composition of TSW was investigated. The waste material was used to produce lactic acid by enzymatic saccharification and fermentation using Bacillus sp. NL01. TSW was determined to be rich in carbohydrates and protein, and could, therefore, be used as a nutrient to facilitate microbial growth. Without pre-treatment, a maximum glucan saccharification rate of 91.6% was achieved by using a mixture of cellulase CTec2 and hemicellulose H2125. Using 1000 g dry weight of TSW as the starting material, 160 g of glucose was recovered and subsequently used to yield 150 g of lactic acid by the action of Bacillus sp. NL01. Thus, the method developed in this study was effective in the production of lactic acid from TSW and can likely provide a deeper insight into the utilization of TSW in biorefineries.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
A multifunctional carrier transport layer favoring outstanding carrier extraction, high-quality active layer formation, and a facile low-temperature process for efficient and large-scale perovskite ...solar cells (PSCs) are highly desirable. While co-doping approaches have recently become a hot topic in carrier transport layers to address the negative effects and limitations of typical single doping and further boost the carrier extraction properties and thus device performances, high-temperature, high power, and multi-steps processes/treatments are required which hinder their applications and potentially damage underneath structures particularly in emerging flexible electronics. In this work, we demonstrate the first kind of room-temperature solution-processed and post-treatment-free Li and Cu codoped NiO
x
nanoparticle-based hole transport layer (HTL). Simultaneously, the Li and Cu codoped NiO
x
HTLs show the interesting and critical features of (1) improved electrical conductivity and optical transmittance, (2) a high quality (pin-hole/crack free, compact and uniform) film morphology, (3) favoring large grain-size perovskite film formation, and (4) wide-range thermal stability up to 250 °C. With these interesting multiple functions, PSCs with Li and Cu codoped NiO
x
HTLs achieve a PCE of 20.8% and 18.2% on rigid and flexible substrates, respectively. This work contributes to a promising route for realizing highly efficient and stable rigid and flexible PSCs using abundant low-cost inorganic HTLs.
A simple room-temperature solution-based and post-treatment-free processed (Li, Cu):NiO
x
HTL is successfully demonstrated for high-performance rigid and flexible perovskite solar cells.
Abstract
The molecular components with the functional interdependencies in human cell form complicated biological network. Diseases are mostly caused by the perturbations of the composite of the ...interaction multi-biomolecules, rather than an abnormality of a single biomolecule. Furthermore, new biological functions and processes could be revealed by discovering novel biological entity relationships. Hence, more and more biologists focus on studying the complex biological system instead of the individual biological components. The emergence of heterogeneous information network (HIN) offers a promising way to systematically explore complicated and heterogeneous relationships between various molecules for apparently distinct phenotypes. In this review, we first present the basic definition of HIN and the biological system considered as a complex HIN. Then, we discuss the topological properties of HIN and how these can be applied to detect network motif and functional module. Afterwards, methodologies of discovering relationships between disease and biomolecule are presented. Useful insights on how HIN aids in drug development and explores human interactome are provided. Finally, we analyze the challenges and opportunities for uncovering combinatorial patterns among pharmacogenomics and cell-type detection based on single-cell genomic data.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
•ZnO interface buffer layer alleviate the incompatibility of cellulose and AZO.•ZnO buffer layer improve the flexibility of cellulose-based conductive film.•The resultant CZA film could withstand ...repeated bending treatment.•A flexible electronic device is successfully fabricated based on the CZA film.
A high-performance flexible conductive substrate is one of the key components for developing promising wearable devices. Concerning this, a sustainable, flexible, transparent, and conductive cellulose/ZnO/AZO (CZA) film was developed in this study. The cellulose was used as the transparent substrate. The added AZO was as the conductive layer and ZnO functioned as an interface buffer layer. Results showed that the interface buffer layer of ZnO effectively alleviated the intrinsic incompatibility of organic cellulose and inorganic AZO, resulting in the improvement of the performance of CZA film. In compared with the controlled cellulose/AZO (CA) film with 365 Ω/sq sheet resistance and 87% transmittance, this CZA film featured a low conductive sheet resistance of 115 Ω/sq and high transmittance of 89%, as well as low roughness of 1.85 nm Moreover, the existence of conducive ZnO buffer layer enabled the conductivity of CZA film to be stable under the bending treatment. Herein, a flexible electronic device was successfully prepared with the biomass materials, which would be available by a roll-to-roll production process.
Abstract
Photothermocatalytic CO
2
reduction as the channel of the energy and environmental issues resolution has captured persistent attention in recent years. In
2
O
3
has been prompted to be a ...potential photothermal catalyst in this sector on account of its unique physicochemical properties. However, different from the metal‐based photothermal catalyst with the nature of efficient light‐to‐thermal conversion and H
2
dissociation, the wide‐bandgap semiconductor needs to be modified to possess wide‐wavelength‐range absorption and the active surface. It remains a challenge to achieve the two aims simultaneously via a single material modulation approach. In this study, one strategy of carbon doping can empower In
2
O
3
with two advantageous modifications. Carbon doping can reduce the formation energy of oxygen vacancy, which induces the generation of oxygen‐vacancy‐riched material. The introduction of oxygen defect levels and carbon doping levels in the bandgap of In
2
O
3
significantly reduces this bandgap, which endows it full‐spectral and intensive solar light absorption. Therefore, the carbon doped In
2
O
3
achieves effective light‐to‐thermal conversion and delivers a 123.6 mmol g
–1
h
–1
of CO generation rate with near‐unity selectivity, as well as prominent stability in photothermocatalytic CO
2
reduction.
Underwater shock waves generated by pulsed electrical discharges are an effective, economical, and environmentally friendly means of stimulating reservoirs, and this technology has received much ...attention and intensive research in the past few years. This paper reviews the main results of recent work on underwater electrical wire explosion (UEWE) for reservoir stimulation. A platform is developed for microsecond single-wire explosions in water, and diagnostics based on a voltage probe, current coil, pressure probe, photodiode, and spectrometer are used to characterize the UEWE process and accompanying shock waves. First, the UEWE characteristics under different discharge types are studied and general principles are clarified. Second, the shock-wave generation mechanism is investigated experimentally by interrupting the electrical energy injection into the wire at different stages of the wire-explosion process. It is found that the vaporization process is vital for the formation of shock waves, whereas the energy deposited after voltage collapse has only a limited effect. Furthermore, the relationships between the electrical-circuit and shock-wave parameters are investigated, and an empirical approach is developed for estimating the shock-wave parameters. Third, how the wire material and water state affect the wire-explosion process is studied. To adjust the shock-wave parameters, a promising method concerning energetic material load is proposed and tested. Finally, the fracturing effect of the pulsed-discharge shock waves is discussed, as briefly are some of the difficulties associated with UEWE-based reservoir stimulation.
Interfaces in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are closely related to their power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability. It is highly desirable to minimize the interfacial nonradiative recombination ...losses through rational interfacial engineering. Herein we develop an effective and easily reproducible interface engineering strategy where three mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI)-based molecules are employed to modify the perovskite/electron transport layer (ETL) interface. MBI and MBI-OCH3 can not only passivate defects at surface and grain boundaries (GBs) of perovskite films but can also improve energy level alignment (ELA), which leads to enhanced PCE and stability. Consequently, the PCE is improved from 19.5% for the control device to 21.2% for MBI-modified device, which is among the best reported inverted MAPbI3-based PSCs. In contrast, incorporation of MBI-NO2 increases defect density and negligibly influences the energy level alignment. This work indicates that defect passivation and ELA modulation can be achieved simultaneously through modulating functional groups in interface modification molecules.
3D skin equivalents have been increasingly used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, but the troublesome operation procedure and low throughput restricted their applications as
in vitro
...safety evaluation models. Organ-on-a-chip, an emerging powerful tool in tissue/organ modeling, could be utilized to improve the function of the skin model compared with that of traditional static skin models, as well as innovate an automatic and modular way for construction or detection. In this research, we grew and differentiated human keratinocytes within a microfluidic chip to construct an integrated epidermis-on-a-chip (iEOC) system, which is specially designed to integrate multi-culture units with integrated bubble removal structures as well as trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) electrodes for barrier function detection
in situ
. After 14 days of culture at the air–liquid interface (ALI), the constructed epidermis-on-a-chip demonstrated histological features similar to those observed in normal human epidermis: a proliferating basal layer and differentiating spinous, granular, and cornified layers, especially the TEER value reached 3 kΩ cm
2
and prevented more than 99% of Cascade Blue-607 Da permeation owing to the enhanced barrier function. Further immunofluorescence analysis also indicated typical keratin expression including keratin-14, keratin-10, loricrin, involucrin, and filaggrin. With the TEER monitoring integration in the chip, it could be convenient for scale-up high-quality epidermis-on-chip fabrication and correlated investigation. Additionally, the iEOC can distinguish all the 10 known toxins and non-toxins in irritation measurement by MTT assay, which is consistent with animal testing according to the OECD. Preliminarily detection of irritation responses like inflammatory cytokines also predicted different irritation reactions. This high fidelity epidermis-on-a-chip could be a potential alternative in
in vitro
skin irritation evaluation. This microchip and automated microfluidic systems also pave the way for scalable testing in multidisciplinary industrial applications.
Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) plays a key role in the application of fuel cells. Here, we used shaddock peel to fabricate a set of N, P dual-doped hierarchical porous carbons, abbreviated as NPSPs, ...where the carbons were carbonized, activated and dual-doped via a simple one-step pyrolyzation. Contrast results indicate the contents of pyridinic-N, graphitic-N and P–C species increase with the rising of temperatures, and the temperature also affects the degree of graphitization, surface area, morphology, thus influences the ORR performance. More importantly, the NPSP-900 demonstrates an outstanding ORR activity with a comparable half-wave potential (0.83 V vs. RHE) and higher current density with respect to commercial Pt/C, following 4e transfer pathway. Our work illustrates that NPSP-900 is a promising cathode for fuel cells because of its simple preparation, waste utilization, excellent ORR performance, good methanol tolerance and superior stability.
Display omitted
•One-step pyrolysis can accomplish carbonization, activation and N,P-dual doping.•NPSPs own hierarchical porous structures with high BET surface areas.•Higher temperature can enhance ORR activities with improved doping N/P species.•NPSP-900 owns a close ORR activity compared with Pt/C, following 4e transfer way.•NPSP-900 shows a remarkable methanol tolerance and superior stability.
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