Abstract Background Obesity is repeatedly emphasized as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation or flutter (AF). However, the underlying evidence may be questioned, as the obvious correlations between ...various anthropometric measures hamper identification of the characteristics that are biologically driving AF risk, and recent studies suggest that fat carries limited or no independent risk of AF. Objectives This study sought to assess mutually adjusted associations among AF risk and height, weight, body mass index, hip and waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and bioelectrical impedance-derived measures of fat mass, lean body mass, and fat percentage. Methods Anthropometric measures and self-reported life-style information were collected from 1993 to 1997 in a population-based cohort including 55,273 persons age 50 to 64 years who were followed in Danish registers until June 2013. Results During a median of 17 years of follow-up, 3,868 persons developed AF. Adjusted hazard ratios per population SD difference (HRs) showed highly statistically significant, positive associations for all 9 anthropometric measures (HRs ranging from 1.08 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05 to 1.12 for waist-to-hip ratio to 1.37 95% CI: 1.33 to 1.42 for lean body mass). Pairwise mutual adjustment of the 9 measures left the association for lean body mass virtually unchanged (lowest HR: 1.33 95% CI: 1.28 to 1.39 when adjusting for height), whereas no other association remained substantial when adjusted for lean body mass (highest HR: 1.05 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.10 for height). Conclusions Lean body mass was the predominant anthropometric risk factor for AF, whereas no association was observed for either of the obesity-related anthropometric measures after adjustment for lean body mass.
Flavonoids, plant-derived polyphenolic compounds, have been linked with health benefits. However, evidence from observational studies is incomplete; studies on cancer mortality are scarce and ...moderating effects of lifestyle risk factors for early mortality are unknown. In this prospective cohort study including 56,048 participants of the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health cohort crosslinked with Danish nationwide registries and followed for 23 years, there are 14,083 deaths. A moderate habitual intake of flavonoids is inversely associated with all-cause, cardiovascular- and cancer-related mortality. This strong association plateaus at intakes of approximately 500 mg/day. Furthermore, the inverse associations between total flavonoid intake and mortality outcomes are stronger and more linear in smokers than in non-smokers, as well as in heavy (>20 g/d) vs. low-moderate (<20 g/d) alcohol consumers. These findings highlight the potential to reduce mortality through recommendations to increase intakes of flavonoid-rich foods, particularly in smokers and high alcohol consumers.
Air pollutants such as NO2 and PM2.5 have consistently been linked to mortality, but only few previous studies have addressed associations with long-term exposure to black carbon (BC) and ozone (O3).
...We investigated the association between PM2.5, PM10, BC, NO2, and O3 and mortality in a Danish cohort of 49,564 individuals who were followed up from enrollment in 1993–1997 through 2015. Residential address history from 1979 onwards was combined with air pollution exposure obtained by the state-of-the-art, validated, THOR/AirGIS air pollution modelling system, and information on residential traffic noise exposure, lifestyle and socio-demography.
We observed higher risks of all-cause as well as cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality with higher long-term exposure to PM2.5, PM10, BC, and NO2. For PM2.5 and CVD mortality, a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.29 (95% CI: 1.13–1.47) per 5 μg/m3 was observed, and correspondingly HRs of 1.16 (95% CI: 1.05–1.27) and 1.11 (95% CI: 1.04–1.17) were observed for BC (per 1 μg/m3) and NO2 (per 10 μg/m3), respectively. Adjustment for noise gave slightly lower estimates for the air pollutants and CVD mortality. Inverse relationships were observed for O3. None of the investigated air pollutants were related to risk of respiratory mortality. Stratified analyses suggested that the elevated risks of CVD and all-cause mortality in relation to long-term PM, NO2 and BC exposure were restricted to males.
This study supports a role of PM, BC, and NO2 in all-cause and CVD mortality independent of road traffic noise exposure.
•Higher exposure to PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and black carbon was associated with mortality.•Associations of air pollutants and CVD mortality were independent of noise exposure.•O3 exposure was not associated with increased mortality risk.
Aims/hypothesis
We aimed to investigate whether the impact of obesity and unfavourable lifestyle on type 2 diabetes risk is accentuated by genetic predisposition.
Methods
We examined the joint ...association of genetic predisposition, obesity and unfavourable lifestyle with incident type 2 diabetes using a case-cohort study nested within the Diet, Cancer and Health cohort in Denmark. The study sample included 4729 individuals who developed type 2 diabetes during a median 14.7 years of follow-up, and a randomly selected cohort sample of 5402 individuals. Genetic predisposition was quantified using a genetic risk score (GRS) comprising 193 known type 2 diabetes-associated loci (excluding known BMI loci) and stratified into low (quintile 1), intermediate and high (quintile 5) genetic risk groups. Lifestyle was assessed by a lifestyle score composed of smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity and diet. We used Prentice-weighted Cox proportional-hazards models to test the associations of the GRS, obesity and lifestyle score with incident type 2 diabetes, as well as the interactions of the GRS with obesity and unfavourable lifestyle in relation to incident type 2 diabetes.
Results
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m
2
) and unfavourable lifestyle were associated with higher risk for incident type 2 diabetes regardless of genetic predisposition (
p
> 0.05 for GRS–obesity and GRS–lifestyle interaction). The effect of obesity on type 2 diabetes risk (HR 5.81 95% CI 5.16, 6.55) was high, whereas the effects of high genetic risk (HR 2.00 95% CI 1.76, 2.27) and unfavourable lifestyle (HR 1.18 95% CI 1.06, 1.30) were relatively modest. Even among individuals with low GRS and favourable lifestyle, obesity was associated with a >8-fold risk of type 2 diabetes compared with normal-weight individuals in the same GRS and lifestyle stratum.
Conclusions/interpretation
Having normal body weight is crucial in the prevention of type 2 diabetes, regardless of genetic predisposition.
Road traffic noise at normal urban levels can lead to stress and sleep disturbances. Both excess of stress hormones and reduction in sleep quality and duration may lead to higher risk for type 2 ...diabetes.
We investigated whether long-term exposure to residential road traffic noise is associated with an increased risk of diabetes.
In the population-based Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort of 57,053 people 50-64 years of age at enrollment in 1993-1997, we identified 3,869 cases of incident diabetes in a national diabetes registry between enrollment and 2006. The mean follow-up time was 9.6 years. Present and historical residential addresses from 1988 through 2006 were identified using a national register, and exposure to road traffic noise was estimated for all addresses. Associations between exposure to road traffic noise and incident diabetes were analyzed in a Cox regression model.
A 10-dB higher level of average road traffic noise at diagnosis and during the 5 years preceding diagnosis was associated with an increased risk of incident diabetes, with incidence rate ratios (IRR) of 1.08 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.14) and 1.11 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.18), respectively, after adjusting for potential confounders including age, body mass index, waist circumference, education, air pollution (nitrogen oxides), and lifestyle characteristics. After applying a stricter definition of diabetes (2,752 cases), we found IRRs of 1.11 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.19) and 1.14 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.22) per 10-dB increase in road traffic noise at diagnosis and during the 5 years preceding diagnosis, respectively.
Exposure to residential road traffic noise was associated with a higher risk of diabetes. This study provides further evidence that urban noise may adversely influence population health.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
CEKLJ, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
Health-promoting effects of the Mediterranean diet have been in focus for decades, whereas less interest has been given to existing healthy dietary habits within other Western cultures. The aim of ...the study was to develop a food index based on traditional Nordic food items with expected health-promoting effects and relate this to all-cause mortality in a cohort of Danes. Detailed information about diet, lifestyle, and anthropometry was provided by 57,053 Danes aged 50-64 y. During 12 y of follow-up, 4126 of the cohort participants died. A healthy Nordic food index, consisting of traditional Nordic food items with expected health-promoting effects (fish, cabbages, rye bread, oatmeal, apples and pears, and root vegetables), was extracted and associated with mortality by Cox proportional hazard models. Mortality rate ratios (MRR) with 95% CI were used to associate the index to mortality. In an adjusted model, a 1-point higher index score was associated with a significantly lower MRR for both men 0.96 (0.92-0.99) and women 0.96 (0.92-1.00) (P = 0.03). When the index components were evaluated separately, whole grain rye bread intake was the factor most consistently associated with lower mortality in men. In conclusion, an index based on traditional healthy Nordic foods was found to be related to lower mortality among middle-aged Danes, in particular among men. This study indicates that traditional, healthy food items should be considered before public recommendations for major dietary changes are made.
Physical activity enhances uptake of air pollutants in the lung, possibly augmenting their harmful effects on chronic lung disease during exercise.
To examine whether benefits of physical activity ...with respect to the risk of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are moderated by exposure to high air pollution levels in an urban setting.
A total of 53,113 subjects (50-65 yr) from the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health cohort reported physical activity at recruitment (1993-1997) and were followed until 2013 in the National Patient Register for incident hospitalizations for asthma and COPD. Levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO
) were estimated at subject residences at the time of recruitment. We used Cox regression to associate physical activities and NO
(high/medium/low) with asthma and COPD, and then introduced an interaction term between each physical activity and NO
.
A total of 1,151 subjects were hospitalized for asthma and 3,225 for COPD during 16 years. We found inverse associations of participation in sports (hazard ratio 95% confidence interval: 0.85 0.75-0.96) and cycling (0.85 0.75-0.96) with incident asthma, and of participation in sports (0.82 0.77-0.89), cycling (0.81 0.76-0.87), gardening (0.88 0.81-0.94), and walking (0.85 0.75-0.95) with incident COPD admissions. We found positive associations between NO
and incident asthma (1.23 1.04-1.47) and COPD (1.15 1.03-1.27) hospitalizations (comparing ≥21.0 μg/m
to <14.3 μg/m
). We found no interaction between associations of any physical activity and NO
on incident asthma or COPD hospitalizations.
Increased exposure to air pollution during exercise does not outweigh beneficial effects of physical activity on the risk of asthma and COPD.
BACKGROUND:The causal role of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in cardioprotection has been questioned by genetic and randomized studies. Novel measures that relate to HDL function may ...contribute new information to the prediction of cardiovascular risk. Apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) is a key regulator of lipoprotein metabolism. We investigated whether subspecies of HDL defined by apoC-III are associated with coronary heart disease (CHD).
METHODS:We used immunoaffinity chromatography to measure the apoA-I concentrations of HDL that contains and lacks apoC-III in 2 prospective studies of adults free of CHD. In MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis), 5657 participants (52% women, 52–72 years of age) were followed for risk of CHD from 2000 to 2002 through 2013. In a case-cohort study nested within the DCH study (Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health), 3642 participants (47% women, 51–64 years of age) were followed from 1994 to 1997 through 2010. Subsequently, we conducted a meta-analysis that combined these results with the previously published findings from 2 cohort studies that used similar laboratory methodology to measure lipoproteins, totaling 2997 incident cases.
RESULTS:ApoC-III was found on 6% to 8% of apoA-I. The 2 HDL subspecies showed opposing associations, with risk of CHD in each of the individual cohorts and in the meta-analysis (P heterogeneity between the 2 subspecies <0.01). HDL that contains apoC-III was associated with a higher risk of CHD (pooled relative risk per standard deviation, 1.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.18), whereas HDL that lacks apoC-III was associated with lower risk (relative risk, 0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.70–0.83). The relative risk for HDL lacking apoC-III was even more negative than the relative risk for total HDL (relative risk, 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.74–0.87).
CONCLUSIONS:Our findings from 4 prospective studies support the hypothesis that apoC-III may mark a subfraction of HDL that is associated with higher risk of CHD. New measures reflecting HDL structure and function may provide novel insights for cardiovascular risk that extend beyond traditional plasma HDL cholesterol concentrations.
National dietary guidelines contribute to primary prevention of a wide range of diseases. Yet, the importance of adhering to the Danish dietary guidelines for colorectal cancer prevention is unclear.
...We used the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort (n = 55,744) to investigate adherence to the Danish dietary guidelines and the risk of colorectal cancer. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for colorectal cancer and subtypes across the Danish Dietary Guidelines Index score (ranging 0-6 points, 6 being the greatest adherence). Effect modification by BMI was explored on multiplicative and additive scales.
During a median follow-up of 18.9 years, 1030 men and 849 women developed colorectal cancer. Higher index scores were associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer (HR 0.66; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.53, 0.84, highest (≥5) versus lowest index score (<3 points) group). Similar inverse associations were observed between index scores and colon cancer. The risk difference was -0.8% (95% CI: -1.6, -0.1) among the overweight/obese group and 0.1% (95% CI: -0.7, 1.0) in the normal weight group for high compared to low adherence.
Adherence to the Danish Dietary Guidelines was associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer, particularly among people with overweight/obesity.
Abstract Background Obesity is associated with the development of atrial fibrillation and may impact atrial fibrillation-related outcomes. To date, no anthropometric measure is included in any risk ...stratification scheme for stroke and death in atrial fibrillation patients. Methods The prospective Danish Diet, Cancer and Health study is a cohort including 57,053 participants (27,178 men and 29,875 women) aged between 50 and 64 years. The study population for this study included the 3135 patients (2025 men and 1110 women) who developed incident atrial fibrillation during follow-up. Results Of the subjects with atrial fibrillation, 1414 (45%) had a body mass index (BMI) in the overweight category (BMI 25 to <30 kg/m2 ) and 767 (24%) were categorized as obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2 ). During a median follow-up of 4.9 years, 609 deaths and 216 thromboembolic events (98% ischemic strokes) occurred. Using normal-weight patients as reference, the risk of a composite end point of “ischemic stroke, thromboembolism, or death” was significantly higher in overweight (crude hazard ratio HR 1.31; 95% confidence interval CI, 1.09-1.56) and obese patients (crude HR 1.55; 95% CI 1.27-1.90). After adjustment for CHADS2 and CHA2 DS2 -VASc scores, the HRs for the composite end point were 1.21 (95% CI 1.02-1.45) and 1.31 (95% CI 1.10-1.56), respectively, for overweight and 1.25 (95% CI 1.03-1.53) and 1.36 (95% CI 1.11-1.65), respectively, for obese. Continuous analyses of BMI stratified by sex identified obese men and normal-weight women as the sex-specific “high-risk” categories. Conclusion Overweight and obesity are risk factors for “ischemic stroke, thromboembolism or death” in patients with atrial fibrillation, even after adjustment for CHADS2 and CHA2 DS2 -VASc scores. The association between BMI and outcomes among atrial fibrillation patients may be modified by sex.
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