•The role of protection against oxidative stress mediating longevity and more importantly, healthful aging.•The role of protection against those debilitating diseases that are prevalent in the ...elderly and negatively impact healthful aging.•The common cellular signaling pathways involved in protection against oxidative stress in aging and in the associated diseases of aging.
The progressive increase in lifespan over the past century carries with it some adversity related to the accompanying burden of debilitating diseases prevalent in the older population. This review focuses on oxidative stress as a major mechanism limiting longevity in general, and healthful aging, in particular. Accordingly, the first goal of this review is to discuss the role of oxidative stress in limiting longevity, and compare healthful aging and its mechanisms in different longevity models. Secondly, we discuss common signaling pathways involved in protection against oxidative stress in aging and in the associated diseases of aging, e.g., neurological, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, and cancer. Much of the literature has focused on murine models of longevity, which will be discussed first, followed by a comparison with human models of longevity and their relationship to oxidative stress protection. Finally, we discuss the extent to which the different longevity models exhibit the healthful aging features through physiological protective mechanisms related to exercise tolerance and increased β-adrenergic signaling and also protection against diabetes and other metabolic diseases, obesity, cancer, neurological diseases, aging-induced cardiomyopathy, cardiac stress and osteoporosis.
Our hypothesis is that Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 2 (sFPR2) is an important mechanism mediating ischemic cardioprotection, since it is the most upregulated gene in the third window of ischemic ...preconditioning. One week after permanent coronary artery occlusion (CAO), sFRP2 TG mice exhibited a 49% higher LV ejection fraction and a 36% reduction in infarct size,
p
< 0.05, and reduced fibrosis in both adjacent and remote zones, along with an increase in collagen type III and a decrease in the collagen type I/III ratio compared with WTL. The ischemic cardioprotection was associated with increased angiogenesis and arteriogenesis, reflected by increased capillary and arteriolar proliferation in the ischemic zone, thereby preserving blood flow after CAO. The angiogenesis and arteriogenesis were mediated by cross talk between myocytes and endothelial cells. The mechanism for cardioprotection and angiogenesis/arteriogenesis did not involve a traditional vascular growth hormone, e.g., VEGF or FGF, but rather cTGF, and ATF6 through the stress signaling pathway. The ATF6 inhibitor, AEBSF, blocked the upregulation of cTGF and both the angiogenesis and arteriogenesis, resulting in abolition of the reduced infarct size and protection of cardiac function in the sFRP2 TG mouse following permanent CAO. sFRP2 is a novel mechanism to induce angiogenesis/arteriogenesis, mediated through the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress signaling pathway, ATF6 and cTGF, which protects the heart from myocardial ischemia.
Mechanisms of sex differences in exercise capacity Oydanich, Marko; Babici, Denis; Zhang, Jie ...
American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology,
06/2019, Letnik:
316, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Sex differences are an important component of National Institutes of Health rigor. The goal of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that female mice have greater exercise capacity than male ...mice, and that it is due to estrogen, nitric oxide, and myosin heavy chain expression. Female C57BL6/J wild-type mice exhibited greater (
< 0.05) maximal exercise capacity for running distance (489 ± 15 m) than age-matched male counterparts (318 ± 15 m), as well as 20% greater work to exhaustion. When matched for weight or muscle mass, females still maintained greater exercise capacity than males. Increased type I and decreased type II myosin heavy chain fibers in the soleus muscle from females are consistent with fatigue resistance and better endurance in females compared with males. After ovariectomy, female mice no longer demonstrated enhanced exercise, and treatment of male mice with estrogen resulted in exercise capacity similar to that of intact females (485 ± 37 m). Nitric oxide synthase, a downstream target of estrogen, exhibited higher activity in female mice compared with male mice,
< 0.05, whereas ovariectomized females exhibited nitric oxide synthase levels similar to males. Nitric oxide synthase activity also increased in males treated with chronic estrogen to levels of intact females. Nitric oxide synthase blockade with
-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester eliminated the sex differences in exercise capacity. Thus estrogen, nitric oxide, and myosin heavy chain expression are important mechanisms mediating the enhanced exercise performance in females.
Clarification on viscosity vs. viscoelasticity Oydanich, Marko; Tutwiler, Valerie; Naftalovich, Rotem ...
Anaesthesiology intensive therapy : official publication of the Polish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy,
01/2023, Letnik:
55, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Purpose
In July 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared monkeypox virus’s global spread a “public health emergency of international concern.” About a quarter of monkeypox cases feature ...ophthalmic symptoms. We assessed trends in worldwide search interest in monkeypox ophthalmic involvement and inclusion in online search engine queries.
Methods
The following keywords were searched on Google Trends from April 1, 2022, to August 12, 2022: monkeypox + eye, pink eye, eye infection, eyelid, vision, blurry vision, vision loss, blindness, eye symptoms, eye problems, eye pain, eye redness, conjunctivitis, conjunctiva, cornea, keratitis, corneal ulcer, and blepharitis. We analyzed trends, correlated search interest with case count data, and compared popularity of search terms via nonparametric Mann–Whitney-U analysis. Inclusion of ophthalmic symptoms in Google search results for “monkeypox symptoms” was assessed.
Results
“Monkeypox eye” had the highest average search interest worldwide and in the United States. Search interest peaked between mid-May and late July 2022. When compared to interest in “monkeypox rash,” the most searched monkeypox symptom, the average interest in “monkeypox eye” was lower (
p
< 0.01). Of the first 50 results from the Google search of “monkeypox symptoms,” 10/50 (20%) mentioned ophthalmic symptoms. 6/50 (12%) mentioned the eye as a route of virus transmission.
Conclusion
Search interest in monkeypox ophthalmic symptoms corresponds with geographic and temporal trends, i.e., timing and location of the first reported non-endemic cases and WHO announcement. Although ophthalmic symptoms are not as widely searched currently, inclusion in public health messaging is key for diagnosis, appropriate management, and reduction of further transmission.
Prone positioning recently gain- ed more popularity from its use in COVID-19 management. It is gene--rally considered to improve respiratory mechanics via increased lung compliance. In surgery, prone ...positioning is typically encountered when it is a necessity to access certain posterior anatomic structures. Though certain post-operative complications from prone positioning are well known (e.g., postoperative vision loss), the potential intraoperative complications that it can have for respiratory com-pliance and O2 saturation, in the setting of general anaesthesia, are perhaps less familiar, as only a few studies showed improved respiratory mechanics in the setting of ge-neral anaesthesia 1-3 and one study showed that prone positioning led to a 30-35% drop in respiratory compliance under general anaesthesia 4. As the following case illustrates, proning is a critical point in the intraoperative course as it can sometimes lead to negative respiratory sequelae disrupting homeostasis.
Background. Mallampati scoring is a common exam method for evaluating the oropharynx as a part of the airway assessment and for anticipation of difficult intubation. It partitions the oropharynx into ...4 categories with scores of 1, 2, 3, and 4. Even though its reliability is known to be limited by confounding factors such as patient positioning, patient phonation, tongue protrusion, and examiner variability, the effect of respiration, i.e., inspiration and expiration, has not yet been formally studied. Methods. Mallampati scores were collected from 100 surgical patients during both inspiration and expiration and later compared to the score obtained in the medical record, determined by a board certified anesthesiologist. Results. Score deviations from the medical record reference were compared for both inspiration and expiration showing that respiration affects Mallampati scores; for some patients, the scores improved (i.e., decreased), while in others they worsened (i.e., increased). The respiratory change effect was quantified and visualized by plotting the area under the curve of the histogram of the deviations. 42% of the patients had a worsening of scores by 1 or 2 points with inspiration while 36% of the patients had a worsening of scores by 1 or 2 points with expiration. Conclusions. Mallampati scoring is commonly used in evaluating the oropharynx as a part of the airway assessment and as a screening tool for difficult intubations. However, as this study points out, the respiratory cycle substantially affects the Mallampati scoring system, with significant deviations of 1 or 2 points. In a scoring system of 4 score categories, these deviations are remarkable.
A sudden presentation of abdominal compartment syndrome Berkman, Tolga; Naftalovich, Rotem; Oydanich, Marko ...
Anaesthesiology intensive therapy : official publication of the Polish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy,
01/2021, Letnik:
53, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is defined as sustained intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) exceeding 20 mm Hg, which causes end-organ damage due to impaired tissue perfusion, as with other ...compartment syndromes 1, 2. This dysfunction can extend beyond the abdomen to other organs like the heart and lungs. ACS is most commonly caused by trauma or surgery to the abdomen. It is characterised by interstitial oedema, which can be exacerbated by large fluid shifts during massive transfusion of blood products and other fluid resuscitation 3. Normally, IAP is nearly equal to or slightly above ambient pressure. Intra-abdominal hypertension is typically defined as abdominal pressure greater than or equal to 12 mm Hg 4. Initially, the abdomen is able to distend to accommodate the increase in pressure caused by oedema; however, IAP becomes highly sensitive to any additional volume once maximum distension is reached. This is a function of abdominal compliance, which plays a key role in the development and progression of intra-abdominal hypertension 5. Surgical decompression is required in severe cases of organ dysfunction - usually when IAPs are refractory to other treatment options 6. Excessive abdominal pressure leads to systemic pathophysiological consequences that may warrant admission to a critical care unit. These include hypoventilation secondary to restriction of the deflection of the diaphragm, which results in reduced chest wall compliance. This is accompanied by hypoxaemia, which is exacerbated by a decrease in venous return. Combined, these consequences lead to decreased cardiac output, a V/Q mismatch, and compromised perfusion to intra-abdominal organs, most notably the kidneys 7. Kidney damage can be prerenal due to renal vein or artery compression, or intrarenal due to glomerular compression 8 - both share decreased urine output as a manifestation. Elevated bladder pressure is also seen from compression due to increased abdominal pressure, and its measurement, via a Foley catheter, is a diagnostic hallmark. Sustained intra-bladder pressures beyond 20 mm Hg with organ dysfunction are indicative of ACS requiring inter-vention 2, 8. ACS is an important aetiology to consider in the differential diagnosis for signs of organ dysfunction - especially in the perioperative setting - as highlighted in the case below.
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