Green analytical chemistry encourages reducing the use of toxic chemicals/reagents, using energy-efficient equipment, and generating minimal waste. The recent trends in analytical method development ...focus on the miniaturization of the sample preparation devices, the development of solventless or solvent-minimized extraction techniques, and the utilization of less toxic solvents. The twelve principles of GAC serve as a basic guideline for inducing greenness in the analytical procedures. Despite these guidelines, in many conditions, some undesired steps are unavoidable. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the greenness of analytical procedures to assess and, if possible, reduce their impact on the environment and workers. Several metrics have been developed for the evaluation of the greenness of analytical procedures. Analytical Eco-Scale, Green Analytical Procedure Index, and Analytical Greenness Metric are among some important tools for assessing the greenness of analytical procedures. All these metrics take different aspects of the analytical procedure into account to provide the green index of the procedure. This review covered these metrics, their principles, and examples of their application to selected analytical procedures. The advantages and limitations of these metrics with the perspective of common reader/user are presented. We believe that this paper will inspire many new perspectives and developments in this area.
Display omitted
•The importance of green analytical chemistry metrics is discussed.•The basics of Analytical Eco-Scale, GAPI, and AGREE metrics are presented.•The applications of GAC metrics are described with examples.•This review may serve as a tutorial for greenness evaluation of the analytical methods.
It is not easy to find appropriate tools for the evaluation of the "green" nature of analytical methodologies which involve the use of compounds, materials, or chemicals manufactured prior to the ...analytical step. Here, we propose a new metric for the evaluation of analytical procedures based on the GAC attributes. The proposed solution expands on the well-known green analytical procedure index by adding additional fields pertaining to the processes performed prior to the analytical procedure itself. Each field of the hexagon that was added to the GAPI pictogram corresponds to a different aspect of the described process and is coloured green if certain requirements are met. To showcase the utility of the proposed metric, it was used to evaluate analytical protocols for the determination of pesticides in urine samples. We believe that, following GAPI's success, ComplexGAPI will also gain attention and eventually trust and acceptance from the chemical community. To facilitate the use of this tool, we have created freeware software for generating the ComplexGAPI pictograms.
It is not easy to find appropriate tools for the evaluation of the "green" nature of analytical methodologies which involve the use of compounds, materials, or chemicals manufactured prior to the analytical step.
In this work, blue applicability grade index (BAGI) is proposed as a new metric tool for evaluating the practicality of an analytical method. BAGI can be considered complementary to the ...well-established green metrics, and it is mainly focused on the practical aspects of White Analytical Chemistry. This tool evaluates ten main attributes including the type of analysis, the number of analytes that are simultaneously determined, the number of samples that can be analyzed per hour, the type of reagents and materials used in the analytical method, the required instrumentation, the number of samples that can be simultaneously treated, the requirement for preconcentration, the automation degree, the type of sample preparation, and the amount of sample. Through the evaluation of these attributes, an asteroid pictogram is generated, together with the respective score. To facilitate the use of the metric a simple, open-source application was created (mostwiedzy.pl/bagi). It is accompanied by a web application available at bagi-index.anvil.app. The functionality of the tool was demonstrated by evaluating the applicability of five different analytical methods as case studies. All things considered, BAGI can be easily used to identify the weak and strong points of a method in terms of practicality and applicability, as well as to compare the performance of different analytical methods. We believe that BAGI metric tool will gain not only attention but also trust and acceptance from the chemical community.
In this work, blue applicability grade index (BAGI) is proposed as a new metric tool for evaluating the practicality of an analytical method.
The latest advancements in the analytical sample preparation indicate a trend of combining different extraction techniques with targeting an improvement in separation, cleanup, detection limits, ...enrichment factors, and dealing with complex matrices. This manuscript identifies mainly two groups of combined sample preparation techniques. The first group integrates conventional or enhanced extraction techniques with microextraction. The second group combines microextraction with each other. The objectives and merits of each combination are critically appraised with respect to nature of the samples, analytical figure of merits, and certain application scenarios. Green aspects of combined extraction methods are described with some examples. At the end, a brief account is provided on accomplishments, limitations, and future directions.
•Recent trends in combined sample preparation methods are discussed.•The objectives and merits of each combination are critically appraised.•The green aspects of combined extraction methods are discussed.•Applications of combined extractions are provided.
•DESs were introduced as an alternative to ILs to overcome their drawbacks.•Some authors consider DESs as a subclass of ILs.•DESs and ILs share many properties which allow them to be used in many ...fields of analytical chemistry.•It is very bad practice to consider ILs and DESs terms interchangeable.
Deep eutectic solvents (DES) were introduced as an alternative to ionic liquids (IL) to overcome the drawbacks of IL solvents. However, some authors consider them to be a subclass of ILs. In contrast, other authors emphasize that these are by their nature independent, different groups of substances. Thus, the question arises: Which solvent group should DESs belong to? Maybe a new class should be added to the existing ones. The aim of this work is to attract the attention of researchers using DES in their studies to the need for a proper use of terms.
•NPs are widely employed in different research areas including analytical chemistry.•In analytical chemistry, the role of NPs can differ depending on the nature of the steps involved in analytical ...process.•NPs can advantageously replace conventional sorbents for solid-phase extraction.•NPs are being increasingly used as stationary phases in chromatographic techniques.
Nanoparticles (NPs) are widely employed in different research areas, ranging from analytical chemistry and environmental science to medicine, the agriculture and pharmaceutical industry. This is mainly due to the unique characteristics of NPs and the novelty they introduce in such applications. In analytical chemistry, the role of NPs can differ depending on the nature of the steps involved in analytical process. NPs are probably most useful for detection, but sample preparation has also profited from them. For instance, NPs can advantageously replace conventional sorbents for solid-phase extraction. Moreover, NPs are being increasingly used as stationary phases in gas and liquid chromatography or electrochromatography. In this review, a brief summary on the classification, synthesis methods, and properties of NPs is given. Moreover, the examples of applications in different research area are shortly presented. However, the merits of this work are to present the use of NPs in analytical chemistry field.
Biogenic amines (BAs) have been reported in a variety of foods, such as fish, meat, cheese, and wines. The formation of BAs in food by the microbial decarboxylation of amino acids can result in human ...allergic reactions, characterized by difficulty in breathing, rash, vomiting, and hypertension. Control measures to prevent biogenic amine formation in foods and/or reduce their levels should be considered. Therefore, monitoring of BAs in food samples with the application of analytical techniques is of high importance.
This review is based on literature data from 2010 until today and refers to food samples and alcoholic beverages. The rationale of this study is to provide data for the occurrence of BAs in food and beverages samples and a comparison of the analytical techniques and challenges in liquid and solid matrices. Importantly, BAs can be used as future markers for quality and freshness of the food products and alcoholic beverages.
Display omitted
•Biogenic amines (BAs) have been reported in a variety of foods.•The formation of BAs in food by the microbial decarboxylation of amino acids can result in human allergic reaction.•Monitoring of BAs in food samples with the application of analytical techniques is of high importance.•This review provide data for the occurrence of BAs from a geographical perspective.•This review provide comparison of the analytical techniques and challenges in liquid and solid matrices.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are currently being used in different sectors, such as electrochemistry, electrodeposition, organic synthesis, nanoparticle preparation, bioactive compound separation, ...etc. Their use in analytical chemistry has only recently begun to expand. Despite the publication of a sufficient number of DES-based analytical extraction procedures, some details, such as interaction of DES with the sample and target analytes as well as with water are insufficiently explored and theoretically explained. Here we discuss the role of water in DES-based extraction in terms of analytical chemistry, especially for the pre-treatment of solid samples. We believe that this review will benefit those who have linked their research with DESs and will enable them to speed up their work.
•Favorable physicochemical properties of DES/water mixtures•The effect of water on viscosity and polarity of DESs•DES/water-based (micro)extraction procedures•More efficient extraction in a DES/water system•Pivotal role of water in the extraction of bioactive compounds
Liquid–phase microextraction: A review of reviews Rutkowska, Małgorzata; Płotka-Wasylka, Justyna; Sajid, Muhammad ...
Microchemical journal,
September 2019, 2019-09-00, Letnik:
149
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Sample preparation is an important step in chemical analysis. It is generally done to deal with problems associated with the nature of the matrix, low analyte concentrations in real samples or ...analyte features incompatible with the instrumentation. Classical methods of extraction consume large volumes of hazardous solvents and other reagents and are not in line with the recent emergence of green analytical chemistry. Liquid-phase microextraction is a miniaturized version of classical liquid–liquid extraction and is characterized by the minimum consumption of solvents. Over time, liquid-phase microextraction has gone through many developments, from basic procedures to more advanced modifications. These have consistently been the subject of many review articles. In this article, we attempt to summarize the review articles published on different versions of LPME and its different aspects and areas of application. Special focus has been given to DLLME, which is the most widely used form of LPME.
•Scientific information on the LPME techniques is presented.•Review articles published on different versions of LPME are summarized.•Review articles published on different aspects of LPME and areas of its application is discussed.•The classification of LPME techniques is presented.
For long time, organic acids were underestimated. However, during last two decades there is an increasing interest of natural compounds having antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory ...properties thus organic acids are very preferable. Wine stands as one of the sources of organic acids since they are responsible for its organoleptic and aesthetic character. Nevertheless, it is important to not exceed acceptable level of acidity at particular stage of vinification process. Therefore its determination and quantification is of high importance. Given study gathers data regarding current knowledge with respect to organic acids, focusing on their occurrence in different types of food including wines, their properties and effects on the human body, potential correlations between organic acids and other components of wine. Moreover, the comparison of analytical techniques used for the organic acids determination and challenges, considering their process and green assessment is provided.
•Organic acids are abundant in grapes and thus in wine samples.•Organic acids have favorable properties for human health and food quality keeping.•Grapes species and wine making technology influence the content of OAs in wines.•CE and HPLC are mostly applied for the OAs determination.•Green assessment of analytical techniques used for wine analysis is provided.
PDF
