Tanzania holds most of the remaining large populations of African lions (Panthera leo) and has extensive areas of leopard habitat (Panthera pardus), and both species are subjected to sizable harvests ...by sport hunters. As a first step toward establishing sustainable management strategies, we analyzed harvest trends for lions and leopards across Tanzania's 300,000 km 2 of hunting blocks. We summarize lion population trends in protected areas where lion abundance has been directly measured and data on the frequency of lion attacks on humans in high-conflict agricultural areas. We place these findings in context of the rapidly growing human population in rural Tanzania and the concomitant effects of habitat loss, human-wildlife conflict, and cultural practices. Lion harvests declined by 50% across Tanzania between 1996 and 2008, and hunting areas with the highest initial harvests suffered the steepest declines. Although each part of the country is subject to some form of anthropogenic impact from local people, the intensity of trophy hunting was the only significant factor in a statistical analysis of lion harvest trends. Although leopard harvests were more stable, regions outside the Selous Game Reserve with the highest initial leopard harvests again showed the steepest declines. Our quantitative analyses suggest that annual hunting quotas be limited to 0.5 lions and 1.0 leopard/1000 km 2 of hunting area, except hunting blocks in the Selous Game Reserve, where harvests should be limited to 1.0 lion and 3.0 leopards/1000 km 2 . Tanzania mantiene la mayoría de las poblaciones remanentes de leones Africanos (Panthera leo) y tiene extensas áreas de hábitat de leopardo (Panthera pardus), y ambas especies son sujetas a cosechas considerables por cazadores deportivos. Como un primer paso hacia el establecimiento de estrategias de manejo sustentable, analizamos las tendencias de cosecha de leones y leopardos en los 300,000 km 2 de bloques de cacería de Tanzania. Sintetizamos las tendencias poblacionales de leones en áreas protegidas donde la abundancia de leones ha sido medida directamente, así como datos sobre la frecuencia de ataques de leones sobre humanos en áreas agrícolas altamente conflictivas. Ubicamos estos resultados en el contexto de la población humana en rápido crecimiento en Tanzania rural y los efectos concomitantes de la pérdida de hábitat, el conflicto humanos-vida silvestre y las prácticas culturales. Las cosechas de leones han declinado 50% en Tanzania entre 1996 y 2008, y las áreas de cacería con las cosechas iniciales más altas sufrieron las declinaciones más pronunciadas. Aunque cada parte del país está sujeto a alguna forma de impacto antropogénico por habitantes locales, la intensidad de la cacería deportiva fue el único factor significativo en el análisis estadístico de las tendencias poblacionales de leones. Aunque las cosechas de leopardos fueron más estables, regiones fuera de la Reserva de Caza Selous con las cosechas iniciales de leopardos más altas también mostraron las declinaciones más pronunciadas. Nuestros análisis cuantitativos sugieren que las cuotas anuales de cacería se limiten a 0.5 leones y 1.0 leopardo/1000 km 2 de área de cacería, excepto los bloques de cacería en la Reserva de Caza Selous, donde las cosechas deben limitarse a 1.0 león y 3.0 leopardos/1000 km 2 .
In the United Kingdom (UK), Black and South Asian women are less likely than White British women to access support from perinatal mental health services, despite experiencing similar, or higher, ...levels of distress. This inequality needs to be understood and remedied. The aim of this study was to answer two questions: how do Black and South Asian women experience (1) access to perinatal mental health services and (2) care received from perinatal mental health services?
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with Black and South Asian women (
= 37), including four women who were interviewed with an interpreter. Interviews were recorded and transcribed line-by-line. Data were analyzed using framework analysis, by an ethnically diverse multidisciplinary team of clinicians, researchers and people with lived experience of perinatal mental illness.
Participants described a complex interplay of factors that impacted on seeking, and receiving help, and benefiting from services. Four themes emerged that captured the highly varied experiences of individuals: (1) Self-identity, social expectations and different attributions of distress deter help-seeking; (2) Hidden and disorganized services impede getting support; (3) The role of curiosity, kindness and flexibility in making women feel heard, accepted and supported by clinicians; (4) A shared cultural background may support or hinder trust and rapport.
Women described a wide range of experiences and a complex interplay of factors impacting access to, and experience of, services. Women described services as giving them strength and also leaving them disappointed and confused about where to get help. The main barriers to access were attributions related to mental distress, stigma, mistrust and lack of visibility of services, and organizational gaps in the referral process. These findings describe that many women feel heard, and supported by services, reporting that services provide a high quality of care that was inclusive of diverse experiences and understandings of mental health problems. Transparency around what PMHS are, and what support is available would improve the accessibility of PMHS.
The HTR1A -1019C>G genotype was associated with major depression in the Utah population. Linkage analysis on Utah pedigrees with strong family histories of major depression including only cases with ...the HTR1A -1019G allele revealed a linkage peak on chromosome 10 (maximum HLOD=4.4). Sequencing of all known genes in the linkage region revealed disease-segregating single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in LHPP. LHPP SNPs were also associated with major depression in both Utah and Ashkenazi populations. Consistent with the linkage evidence, LHPP associations depended on HTR1A genotype. Lhpp or a product of a collinear brain-specific transcript, therefore, may interact with Htr1a in the pathogenesis of major depression.
Abstract
X-ray computed tomography (XCT) offers a promising non-destructive method to assess high value components that are additively manufactured (AM) for space-based imaging. However, AM ...components can be often challenging to measure and the true resolution of the XCT system used is both non-trivial to determine and may change locally. To solve this, we used high precision micro-machining to manufacture a cylindrical reference pin with internal holes. This pin can then be inserted into any component via subtractive machining, prior to the XCT process. A pre-existing AM flexure is modified to allow our modular system to be implemented. This allows XCT scanning and porosity analysis of similar components (similar geometry and manufacturing process) to be refined and adjusted based on the known internal micro-machined hole size. Analysis of the XCT volumetric data is implemented using a Python script developed for Avizo 2022.1, to compare and suggest the ideal threshold grey value (GV). The plugin threshold comparison is semi-automatic and 15 times faster than a manual comparison. Study findings showed how different calibrated micro-machined hole sizes (30 μm–120 μm) needed different thresholding values (188 GV–195 GV). Challenges and future studies related to traceability of the suggested method are discussed.
About the Authors: H. Bauer * E-mail: hans.bauer@zoo.ox.ac.uk Affiliation: Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney, United Kingdom ORCID ...http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5031-5842 P. Henschel Affiliation: Panthera, New York, New York, United States of America C. Packer Affiliations Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney, United Kingdom, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America C. Sillero-Zubiri Affiliation: Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney, United Kingdom B. Chardonnet Affiliation: African Protected Areas & Wildlife, Saint Cloud, France E. A. Sogbohossou Affiliation: Laboratory of Applied Ecology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin H. H. De Iongh Affiliation: Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands D. W. Macdonald Affiliation: Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney, United Kingdom Figures Fig 1 Fig 1 Fig 1 Citation: Bauer H, Henschel P, Packer C, Sillero-Zubiri C, Chardonnet B, Sogbohossou EA, et al.
Whichever quota is used, income for the hunting outfitter at current market price is only around 15,000 USD per lion and its economic impact, including any increased price for non-lion trophies, is unlikely to provide significant benefits.
Lion hunting packages and the trophy fees which go to wildlife authorities (only 1600 USD in Burkina Faso; http://www.safari-evasion.com/burkina_evasion/chasse/taxes_abattage.php) are still by far the lowest on the continent in Benin and Burkina Faso, even though West Africa has by far the rarest lions, belonging to a distinct sub-species12, and listed as Critically Endangered13.
Lion persistence in WAP is most strongly linked to the number of patrol staff and average annual management budgets per km2, and minimum operations budgets for site protection of 125 USD/km2 (excluding ranger salaries) are needed to assure lion persistence14.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Sub-Saharan Africa's (SSA's) iconic biodiversity is of immense potential global value but is jeopardized by increasing anthropogenic pressures. Elevated consumption in wealthier countries and the ...demands of international corporations manifest in significant resource extraction from SSA. Biodiversity in SSA also faces increasing domestic pressures, including rapidly growing human populations. The demographic transition to lower fertility rates is occurring later and slower in SSA than elsewhere, and the continent's human population may quadruple by 2100. SSA's biodiversity will therefore pass through a bottleneck of growing anthropogenic pressures, while also experiencing intensifying effects of climate change. SSA's biodiversity could be severely diminished over the coming decades and numerous species pushed to extinction. However, the prospects for nature conservation in SSA should improve in the long term, and we predict that the region will eventually enter a Green Anthropocene. Here, we outline critical steps needed to shepherd SSA's biodiversity into the Green Anthropocene epoch.
The domestic and wild carnivore interface is complex, yet understudied. Interactions between carnivore species have important implications for direct interference competition, cross‐species ...transmission of shared pathogens and conservation threats to wild carnivores. However, carnivore intraguild interactions are hard to quantify. In this study, we asked 512 villagers residing around a conservation area in the Serengeti Ecosystem, Tanzania, to report on the presence of wild carnivores in their village, the number of domestic dogs Canis familiaris and cats Felis catus in their household and interactions between domestic and wild carnivores. Wild carnivores are abundant near households surrounding the Serengeti National Park, villagers have many free‐ranging domestic dogs (and would like to have more) and direct and indirect contacts between wild and domestic carnivores are common. Large carnivores, such as spotted hyenas and leopards, often killed or wounded domestic dogs. Small carnivores, such as mongoose, bat‐eared fox, serval and wildcat, are locally abundant and frequently interact with domestic dogs. We demonstrate that interspecific carnivore behavior, human culture and local and regional geography play a complex role in domestic and wild carnivore interaction risk around conservation areas. Through the use of household surveys, we were able to efficiently obtain data on a wide scope of carnivore interactions over a large area, which may provide a direction for future targeted and in‐depth research to reduce interspecific conflict. Improving the health and husbandry of domestic animals and reducing the unintentional feeding of wild carnivores could reduce dog–wildlife interactions and the potential for pathogen transmission at the domestic–wild animal interface.
Interactions between carnivore species have important implications for direct interference competition and cross‐species transmission of shared pathogens. We asked villagers residing around a conservation area to report on the presence of wild carnivores in their village, the number of domestic dogs and cats in their household and interactions between domestic and wild carnivores. We find that wild carnivores are abundant near households surrounding the National Park, villagers would like to have more domestic dogs, interactions between wild and domestic carnivores are common and that social surveys were a useful tool for obtaining data on carnivore interactions as well as providing a direction for future targeted and in‐depth research to reduce interspecific conflict. Photo credit: Andrew Ferdinands.
Although lions Panthera leo are the main predators of the giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, interactions between these species are rarely observed directly. As a consequence, little is known about the ...effects of lions on giraffe mortality and behavior. We test patterns of lion predation on Masai giraffes Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi using a new methodology: lion claw marks observable on the skin of live giraffes. We studied 702 individually known giraffes in 3 non‐neighboring areas of Serengeti National Park, Tanzania between August 2008 and November 2010. Lion claw marks were observed on 13% of giraffes older than 1 year. Claw marks were most frequently detected on giraffe hindquarters and flanks, revealing that non‐lethal lion attacks occur most often from the rear. No claw marks were observed on calves (0–1 year), suggesting that calves rarely survive lion attacks. In the adult age class (>5 years), claw‐mark prevalence was significantly higher among females than males. We observed substantial variation in claw‐mark prevalence across study areas, indicating that lion predation risk may be heterogeneous within Serengeti. We find that claw marks are an important source of data on interactions between lions and giraffes.
The iconic giraffe, an ecologically important browser, has shown a substantial decline in numbers across Africa since the 1990s. In Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, giraffes reached densities of ...1.5–2.6 individuals km⁻² in the 1970s coincident with a pulse of Acacia tree recruitment. However, despite continued increases in woody cover between the 1980s and the 2000s, giraffe recruitment and survival rates have declined and density has dropped to only 0.3–0.4 giraffes km⁻². We used a decision table to investigate how four extrinsic factors may have contributed to these declines: food supply, predation, parasites, and poaching, which have all been previously shown to limit Serengeti ungulate populations. Lower recruitment likely resulted from a reduction in diet quality, owing to the replacement of preferred trees with unpalatable species, while decreased adult survival resulted from illegal harvesting, which appears to have had a greater impact on giraffe populations bordering the western and northern Serengeti. The Serengeti giraffe population will likely persist at low-to-moderate densities until palatable tree species regain their former abundance. Leslie matrix models suggest that park managers should meanwhile redouble their efforts to reduce poaching, thereby improving adult survival.
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