Lung cancer is the leading cancer diagnosis worldwide and the number one cause of cancer deaths. Exposure to cigarette smoke, the primary risk factor in lung cancer, reduces epithelial barrier ...integrity and increases susceptibility to infections. Herein, we hypothesize that somatic mutations together with cigarette smoke generate a dysbiotic microbiota that is associated with lung carcinogenesis. Using lung tissue from 33 controls and 143 cancer cases, we conduct 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) bacterial gene sequencing, with RNA-sequencing data from lung cancer cases in The Cancer Genome Atlas serving as the validation cohort.
Overall, we demonstrate a lower alpha diversity in normal lung as compared to non-tumor adjacent or tumor tissue. In squamous cell carcinoma specifically, a separate group of taxa are identified, in which Acidovorax is enriched in smokers. Acidovorax temporans is identified within tumor sections by fluorescent in situ hybridization and confirmed by two separate 16S rRNA strategies. Further, these taxa, including Acidovorax, exhibit higher abundance among the subset of squamous cell carcinoma cases with TP53 mutations, an association not seen in adenocarcinomas.
The results of this comprehensive study show both microbiome-gene and microbiome-exposure interactions in squamous cell carcinoma lung cancer tissue. Specifically, tumors harboring TP53 mutations, which can impair epithelial function, have a unique bacterial consortium that is higher in relative abundance in smoking-associated tumors of this type. Given the significant need for clinical diagnostic tools in lung cancer, this study may provide novel biomarkers for early detection.
Objective
To conduct an exploratory examination of dietary patterns and quality during pregnancy in African-American women who were class I, II, or III obese, and those women with normal ...pre-pregnancy body mass index (pBMI), as well to identify dietary factors associated with GWG, and changes in the distal gut microbiome. African American women represent the largest group affected by pre-pregnancy obesity, a risk factor for several adverse birth outcomes.
Methods
This prospective study investigated the association between diet, distal gut microbiome, and GWG among African-American women (n = 21) with obesity (n = 15) compared to women with a normal pre-pregnancy body mass index (pBMI) (n = 6) at two time points, 27–29 and 37–39 weeks gestation. Dietary patterns associated with obesity severity and GWG gain were assessed using Welch’s T-test and Mann–Whitney U. The association between the gut microbiome and dietary patterns was assessed using a regression-based kernel association test and the adaptive microbiome-based sum of powered score test.
Results
In early pregnancy, dietary intake of Total Fruits and Greens and Beans was significantly different between pBMI and GWG groups; significance was 0.022 and 0.028 respectively. Women with Class II/III obesity and those with GWG above guidelines had Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores below 50, meeting less than 75% of dietary guidelines, and did not meet recommendations for fruit and vegetable or fiber intake. We found no significant associations between the microbiome composition and diet (HEI Scores).
Conclusions for Practice
Overall, the results indicate that women with pBMI obesity are not meeting minimum dietary guidelines for nutrient intakes during pregnancy, specifically fruits, vegetables, and fiber, regardless of GWG. Interventions for African-American women with pre-pregnancy obesity, with a focus on increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables, would be beneficial to control GWG and improve birth outcomes.
Measuring key components of resilience is vital for understanding cross‐cultural dynamics among youth and the environment. The Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM‐28) was developed as a ...cross‐cultural measure of resilience and has been used globally. To examine the cross‐cultural utility of the CYRM‐28, we conducted a systematic review of the literature reporting on the psychometric properties of the measure. Using data representing six countries (N = 6,232) that were supplied from authors of the studies reviewed, a multilevel confirmatory factor analysis was also conducted to estimate the variability of the measurement properties among communities, ages, and sex. Results indicate that the literature generally did not include reliability and validity information for the instrument. From the multilevel confirmatory factor analysis, the measure was invariant between adolescent age‐groups and sexes but not across communities.
IntroductionAdherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains a key challenge to achieving the fast-track goal of ending the HIV epidemic by 2030. To provide a more comprehensive indication of ...whether interventions designed to promote ART adherence might benefit from targeting body image perceptions, we aim to conduct a systematic review to synthesise existing evidence on the association between body image and ART adherence.Methods and analysisA systematic review of peer-reviewed observational studies and randomised controlled trials that have investigated the association between body image and adherence to ART will be performed. JSTOR, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Web of Science databases will be searched from 1 January 2000 to 31 March 2021. Eligible records will consider body image as either an independent variable or a mediator, whereas ART adherence will be assessed as an outcome variable. Study selection will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and study quality will be assessed using relevant tools developed by the National Institute of Health. If sufficient data are available, a meta-analysis will be conducted. Effect size estimates will be aggregated using a random effects meta-analysis approach. Publication bias and its impact will be evaluated through the use of a funnel plot and the trim-and-fill method. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach will be used to report on the overall quality of evidence.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required for a systematic review protocol. Findings of the proposed systematic review will be disseminated through conference presentations and publication in a peer-reviewed journal.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020212597.
Within a multilevel confirmatory factor analysis framework, we investigated the ability of commonly used fit indices to discriminate between correctly specified models and misspecified models. ...Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analyses were used to evaluate the performance of fit indices. Combining ROC analyses with checks of the convergence rates across Monte Carlo replications and ANOVA for investigating the variation in fit scores across replications, we found converging evidence for the utility of the investigated fit indices. Optimal thresholds based on maximizing sensitivity and specificity for detection of the true model were identified by the highest sensitivity and specificity and found to vary across different robust estimation methods (i.e., MLR, ULSMV, and WLSMV). The estimation method and sample size influenced the performance of common fit indices to detect misspecification of the level-1 model. All fit indices investigated performed poorly for detecting misspecification of the level-2 model when the level-2 sample size was below 100. We offer recommendations of commonly reported fit indices to use (and not use), cutoff criteria to use for specific estimation methods, and cautions about the use of recommended cutoff criteria for ML-CFA.
Multilevel measurement models are more frequently applied to help answer questions when data arise from hierarchically structured multivariate data. In this simulation study of multilevel factor ...models, we evaluated the relative efficiency among three estimation methods: robust maximum likelihood, unweighted least squares, and weighted least squares. We found that weighted least squares yielded more or equally efficient parameter estimates under all sample size conditions for all model parameters. The relative efficiency of standard errors was less straightforward where maximum likelihood was more efficient for loadings and residual variances, but weighted least squares was more efficient for the factor covariance matrices. Finally, we give recommendations for estimating multilevel confirmatory factor analysis models and directions for future research.
Using data from a longitudinal study, the present study employed a latent class mover‐stayer analytical strategy to examine both the cross‐sectional and longitudinal (+33 months) relationship between ...membership of stress classes, and subjective life expectancy. Participants were from 21 High schools in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Data were collected in the first year of High school (mean age = 12.5 years), and at +33 months (fourth year, or school year 11). Sample 1 consisted of 1171 adolescents (40.82% females, 2.56% unreported) in Northern Ireland. Sample 2 consisted of 1059 adolescents (52.79% females, 1.32% unreported) in Scotland. Adolescents with the lowest levels of stress projected the highest subjective life expectancy scores. Longitudinal analyses were jumbled and not in keeping with cross‐sectional results. More research may be needed on the trajectory of subjective life expectancy over time before it can be depended upon as a reliable outcome variable in adolescent development.
ObjectiveObesity is a risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC), accounting for more than 14% of CRC incidence. Microbial dysbiosis and chronic inflammation are common characteristics in both obesity ...and CRC. Human and murine studies, together, demonstrate the significant impact of the microbiome in governing energy metabolism and CRC development; yet, little is understood about the contribution of the microbiome to development of obesity-associated CRC as compared to individuals who are not obese.DesignIn this study, we conducted a meta-analysis using five publicly available stool and tissue-based 16S rRNA and whole genome sequencing (WGS) data sets of CRC microbiome studies. High-resolution analysis was employed for 16S rRNA data, which allowed us to achieve species-level information to compare with WGS. ResultsCharacterisation of the confounders between studies, 16S rRNA variable region and sequencing method did not reveal any significant effect on alpha diversity in CRC prediction. Both 16S rRNA and WGS were equally variable in their ability to predict CRC. Results from diversity analysis confirmed lower diversity in obese individuals without CRC; however, no universal differences were found in diversity between obese and non-obese individuals with CRC. When examining taxonomic differences, the probability of being classified as CRC did not change significantly in obese individuals for all taxa tested. However, random forest classification was able to distinguish CRC and non-CRC stool when body mass index was added to the model.ConclusionOverall, microbial dysbiosis was not a significant factor in explaining the higher risk of colon cancer among individuals with obesity.
Following publication of the original paper 1, the authors submitted a new Additional file 5 to replace the one containing formatting issues. The updated Additional file 5 is published in this ...correction.
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