Summary
The present investigation was performed in a population of patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD), and it was designed to assess the correlation between self‐reported ...questionnaire‐based bruxism diagnosis and a diagnosis based on history taking plus clinical examination. One‐hundred‐fifty‐nine patients with TMD underwent an assessment including a questionnaire investigating five bruxism‐related items (i.e. sleep grinding, sleep grinding referral by bed partner, sleep clenching, awake clenching, awake grinding) and an interview (i.e. oral history taking with specific focus on bruxism habits) plus a clinical examination to evaluate bruxism signs and symptoms. The correlation between findings of the questionnaire, viz., patients' report, and findings of the interview/oral history taking plus clinical examination, viz., clinicians' diagnosis, was assessed by means of φ coefficient. The highest correlations were achieved for the sleep grinding referral item (φ = 0·932) and for the awake clenching item (φ = 0·811), whilst lower correlation values were found for the other items (φ values ranging from 0·363 to 0·641). The percentage of disagreement between the two diagnostic approaches ranged between 1·8% and 18·2%. Within the limits of the present investigation, it can be suggested that a strong positive correlation between a self‐reported and a clinically based approach to bruxism diagnosis can be achieved as for awake clenching, whilst lower levels of correlation were detected for sleep‐time activities.
Accurate measurements of physical processes in high energy frontier experiments demand exceptional spatial, temporal, and energy precision to discern the physics behind high-energy particle jets. ...Calorimeters, like other detection systems, must be able to meet these increasingly challenging performance requirements. In the prospective TeV-scale Muon Collider, the primary hurdle in designing detectors and devising event reconstruction algorithms is the challenge posed by Beam-Induced Background (BIB). Nevertheless, it is conceivable to mitigate the impact of BIB on the Muon Collider's calorimeter by capitalizing on certain characteristics and ensuring key features such as high granularity, precise timing, longitudinal segmentation, and superior energy resolution. This is what the here described Research and Development is trying to achieve with an innovative semi-homogeneous electromagnetic calorimeter constructed from stackable and interchangeable modules composed of lead fluoride crystals (PbF2). These modules are equipped with surface-mount UV-extended Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) and are collectively referred to as the Crilin calorimeter (CRystal calorImeter with Longitudinal INformation). The challenge lies in making sure this calorimeter can operate effectively within an extremely harsh radiation environment, enduring an annual neutron flux of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">10^{14}~n_{1\text {MeV}}/\text {cm}^{2} </tex-math></inline-formula> and a total ionizing dose (TID) of 10 kGy. In this article, the radiation tolerance measured in several irradiation campaigns is discussed, and the timing performances during a test beam at CERN-H2 with 120-GeV electrons. Additionally, a description of the latest prototype, Proto-1, is provided together with the results of the latest low-energy beam test at the LNF beam test facility (BTF) with 450 MeV electrons.
In modern experiment, a high granularity is required in order to distinguish signal particles from background and to solve the substructures necessary for jet identification. Time of arrival ...measurements in the calorimeter could play an important role in HL-LHC, since a high number of pile-up collisions is expected, and the timing could be used to assign clusters to the corresponding interaction vertex. In a Muon Collider, the timing could be used to remove signals produced by beam-induced background, asynchronous with respect to the bunch crossing. The calorimeter energy resolution is also fundamental to measure the kinematic properties of jets: a finely segmented calorimeter design should be favored in order to solve the jet substructure. However, this contrasts with the requirement for high timing resolution even for signal events involving low energy deposits, such as in the case of high impulse muons. Our proposed design, the Crilin calorimeter, is a semi-homogeneous calorimeter based on Lead Fluoride (PbF
2
) Crystals readout by surface-mount UV-extended Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs). In this paper, the development of a small prototype consisting of 2 layers of 3 × 3 crystals each is reported along with the relative results.
Abstract
The measurement of physics processes at new energy frontier
experiments requires excellent spatial, time, and energy resolutions
to resolve the structure of collimated high-energy jets. In a ...future
Muon Collider, the beam-induced backgrounds (BIB) represent the main
challenge in the design of the detectors and of the event
reconstruction algorithms. The technology and the design of the
calorimeters should be chosen to reduce the effect of the BIB, while
keeping good physics performance. Several requirements can be
inferred: i) high granularity to reduce the overlap of BIB particles
in the same calorimeter cell; ii) excellent timing (of the order of
100 ps) to reduce the out-of-time component of the BIB; iii)
longitudinal segmentation to distinguish the signal showers from the
fake showers produced by the BIB; iv) good energy resolution (less
than 10%/
√E
) to obtain good physics performance, as has
been already demonstrated for conceptual particle flow calorimeters.
Our proposal consists of a semi-homogeneous electromagnetic
calorimeter based on lead fluoride crystals (PbF
2
) read out by
surface-mount UV-extended Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs): the
Crilin calorimeter. In this paper, the performance of the Crilin
calorimeter in the Muon Collider framework for hadron jets
reconstruction has been analyzed. We report the characterisation of
individual components together with the development of a small-scale
prototype, consisting of 2 layers of 3 × 3 crystals each.
Abstract
Lead fluoride (PbF
2
) crystals represent an excellent and
relatively innovative choice for high resolution electromagnetic
calorimeters with high granularity and fast timing for high
...intensity environments. For this reason two PbF
2
crystals, sized
5× 5 × 40 mm
3
, were irradiated with
60
Co
photons up to ∼ 4 Mrad and with 14 MeV neutrons up to a
10
13
n/cm
2
total fluence. Their loss in transmittance was
evaluated at different steps of the photon and neutron irradiation
campaign, resulting in a total of 30% loss above 350 nm. With
crystals always kept in dark conditions, natural and thermal
annealing, as well as optical bleaching with 400 nm light, were
performed on the irradiated specimens, resulting in a partial
recovery of their original optical characteristics.
Crilin (Crystal Calorimeter with Longitudinal Information) is a semi-homogeneous, longitudinally segmented electromagnetic calorimeter based on high-
Z
, ultra-fast crystals with UV-extended SiPM ...readout. The Crilin design has been proposed as a candidate solution for both a future Muon Collider barrel ECAL and for the Small Angle Calorimeter of the HIKE experiment. As a part of the Crilin development program, we have carried out beam tests of small (10 × 10 × 40 mm
3
) lead fluoride (PbF
2
) and ultra-fast lead tungstate (PbWO
4
, PWO-UF) crystals with 120 GeV electrons at the CERN SPS to study the light yield, timing response, and systematics of light collection with a proposed readout scheme. For a single crystal of PbF
2
, corresponding to a single Crilin cell, a time resolution of better than 25 ps is obtained for
>
3 GeV of deposited energy. For a single cell of PWO-UF, a time resolution of better than 45 ps is obtained for the same range of deposited energy. This timing performance fully satisfies the design requirements for the Muon Collider and HIKE experiments. Further optimizations of the readout scheme and crystal surface preparation are expected to bring further improvements.
Abstract
The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab will search for the CLFV neutrino-less coherent conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus. The observation of this process ...would be the evidence of physics beyond the Standard Model. Mu2e comprises a straw-tracker, an electromagnetic calorimeter and an external veto for cosmic rays. The calorimeter provides electron identification, a fast trigger and aids track reconstruction. It is a state-of-the-art crystal calorimeter and employs 1340 pure CsI crystals readout by UV-extended SiPM and fast electronics. The design consists of two identical annular disks positioned at the relative distance of 70 cm downstream the target.The hostile Mu2e conditions (total ionizing dose of 12 krad and a neutron fluence of 5 × 10
10
n/cm
2
@ 1 MeVeq (Si)/y, 1 T magnetic field and vacuum level of 10
−4
Torr) posed tight constraints on the mechanical structures and materials choice. The support structure of the two crystal matrices employs two aluminum hollow rings and parts made of open-cell vacuum-compatible carbon fiber. SiPMs and front-end electronics for each crystal are assembled in one mechanical unit inserted in a machined copper holder. The units are supported by a plate made of vacuum-compatible material. The plate integrates the cooling system made of a network of copper lines flowing a low temperature fluid and placed in thermal contact with the copper holders. The DAQ is hosted in aluminum crates positioned on the lateral surface of the disks. The crates also integrate the DAQ electronics cooling system. We review the constraints on the calorimeter structures design, the development of all the structural components, including the simulations that have determined the materials and technological choices and the specifications of the cooling station, components production and quality assurance tests, the procedures for detector assembly, transportation and installation in the experimental area.
Detectors for new energy frontier experiments require excellent spatial, time, and energy resolutions to resolve the structure of collimated high-energy jets. In a future Muon Collider, the ...beam-induced backgrounds represent the main challenge for detector design and event reconstruction. Our proposal – Crilin – consists in a semi-homogeneous Cherenkov electromagnetic calorimeter based on PbF2 crystals with surface-mount UV-extended Silicon Photomultipliers readout.
Readout studies for the HIKE main electromagnetic calorimeter Francesconi, M.; Ambrosino, F.; Antonelli, A. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
8/2024
Journal Article
