Purpose:
To analyze limbs joint positions’ sense and its relationship with pain intensity and duration in patients with chronic non-specific back pain.
Methods:
Study design: cross-sectional study. ...For assessment of patients, the following elements were used: general data collection protocol; evaluation of pain intensity using the Visual Analogue Scale; assessment of limb kinesthesia: determination of reposition precision of a 90-degree flexion angle in shoulder, elbow, hip and knee joints.
Subjects
. The study included 100 patients (88 women, 12 men) with chronic non-specific back pain, who met the selection criteria for the study. The average age of patients was 45.9 ± 11.6 years, and it ranged from 19 to 64 years.
Results
: All participants of the study were found to have diminished upper and lower limbs kinesthesia. The study results showed plausible (
p
< 0.05) relation between limbs kinesthesia and pain intensity and duration, and these correlations were significantly determined by pain localization.
Conclusion:
Limb kinesthesia is plausibly related to the manifestation of pain in patients with chronic non-specific back pain.
It was concluded that depression (D) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and is not related to other previously determined cardiac risk factors. Compared with ...non-depressed patients, the risk of cardiac arrest increased in less severely depressed patients. D worsens the CVD prognosis by significantly increasing the risk of recurrent coronary heart disease (CHD). Some studies suggest that OS directly increases the risk of D in patients with CVD. Oxidative stress (OS) is considered an emergency mechanism that relates to both CVD and D pathophysiology. The common risk factors increase the production of OS and reduce antioxidant defences, thereby promoting the occurrence and development of interacted ischaemic CVD and D. At present, there is insufficient evidence that routine screening of D in patients with CHD will ultimately help improve the patient’s condition. This review reiterates the need for a multidisciplinary approach, which is necessary to understand, diagnose and then treat this frequent co-morbid condition of CHD and D. Assessment of OS markers could modify risk stratification, diagnosis and prevention and treatment of patients with both CHD and D, in patients with and without previous cardiac history.
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