In recent years, magnetic RAMs have stimulated considerable research interest due to its high area-density and low leakage-power with comparable speed that makes it a strong contender for possible ...replacement of conventional RAMs. However, the operational speed of MRAM is relatively lower than the SRAMs. Advanced switching mechanism such as Spin Transfer Torque (STT), Voltage-Controlled Magnetic Anisotropy (VCMA), Magneto Electric (ME) effect, and Spin-Orbit Torque (SOT) has been introduced to further improve the speed of operation. This paper explores the comparative analysis of STT and SOT-based MRAMs for the application of Large Last-Level Caches (L3Cs). It will give an insight into the MRAM from device to architectural level, in-aspect of performance parameters such as read-write energy consumption, leakage power, chip-area and read-write latency. This research work is carried out through a benchmarked simulation framework, starting from device to architectural level. At the cell level, it is observed that STT-MRAM takes 50% less area with 74% reduction in leakage power dissipation as compared to SOT-MRAM. However, the SOT-MRAMs is 4× faster than the STT-MRAM. At the architectural level, SOT-MRAM outperforms STT-MRAM in terms of read/ write energy and latency at the cost of marginal chip-area and leakage-power. Overall, in comparison to its conventional counterpart (SRAMs), SOT MRAMs are proved to be a superior candidate at a large size of LLCs in all aspects.
A 5.3 Å resolution, cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) map of Chikungunya virus-like particles (VLPs) has been interpreted using the previously published crystal structure of the Chikungunya E1-E2 ...glycoprotein heterodimer. The heterodimer structure was divided into domains to obtain a good fit to the cryoEM density. Differences in the T = 4 quasi-equivalent heterodimer components show their adaptation to different environments. The spikes on the icosahedral 3-fold axes and those in general positions are significantly different, possibly representing different phases during initial generation of fusogenic E1 trimers. CryoEM maps of neutralizing Fab fragments complexed with VLPs have been interpreted using the crystal structures of the Fab fragments and the VLP structure. Based on these analyses the CHK-152 antibody was shown to stabilize the viral surface, hindering the exposure of the fusion-loop, likely neutralizing infection by blocking fusion. The CHK-9, m10 and m242 antibodies surround the receptor-attachment site, probably inhibiting infection by blocking cell attachment. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00435.001.
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes global epidemics of a debilitating polyarthritis in humans. As there is a pressing need for the development of therapeutic ...agents, we screened 230 new mouse anti-CHIKV monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for their ability to inhibit infection of all three CHIKV genotypes. Four of 36 neutralizing MAbs (CHK-102, CHK-152, CHK-166, and CHK-263) provided complete protection against lethality as prophylaxis in highly susceptible immunocompromised mice lacking the type I IFN receptor (Ifnar(-/-) ) and mapped to distinct epitopes on the E1 and E2 structural proteins. CHK-152, the most protective MAb, was humanized, shown to block viral fusion, and require Fc effector function for optimal activity in vivo. In post-exposure therapeutic trials, administration of a single dose of a combination of two neutralizing MAbs (CHK-102+CHK-152 or CHK-166+CHK-152) limited the development of resistance and protected immunocompromised mice against disease when given 24 to 36 hours before CHIKV-induced death. Selected pairs of highly neutralizing MAbs may be a promising treatment option for CHIKV in humans.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This paper proposes a new asymmetric underlap Fin-Field Effect Transistor (FinFET) structure using a dual- k spacer. Asymmetric dual-spacer at source shows excellent gate control over the channel due ...to increase in the outer fringe field at gate/source underlap. Hence, this structure exhibits a superior short-channel effect metric over the conventional/single-spacer underlap FinFET. The proposed asymmetric structure enhances static random access memories (SRAMs) performance in terms of robustness, access times as well as leakage power during the hold, read, and write operations. The hold static noise margin and write margin increases by 5.16% and 5.66%, respectively. The read stability enhances by 13.75% and 19.35% over conventional FinFET SRAM circuit. Furthermore, the leakage power reduces by 60%, and write access time improves by 23.63%. Compared with conventional FinFET-based SRAM, same bit-cell area and read delay are associated with the proposed structure. Supply voltage scalability on SRAM design metrics is also investigated. In addition to SRAM application, underlap length, lateral source/drain doping gradient, and the high- k spacer width are optimized for high-performance digital applications.
Cotton (Gossypium spp.), a crucial cash crop in the United States, requires the constant monitoring of growth parameters for informed decision-making. Recently, forecasting models have gained ...prominence for predicting canopy indicators, aiding in-season planning and management decisions to optimize cotton production. This study employed unmanned aerial system (UAS) technology to collect canopy cover (CC) data from a 40-hectare cotton field in Driscoll, Texas, in 2020 and 2021. Long short-term memory (LSTM) models, trained using 2020 data, were subsequently applied to forecast the CC values for 2021. These models were compared with real-time auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models to assess their effectiveness in predicting the CC values up to 14 days in advance, starting from the 28th day after crop emergence. The results showed that multiple-input multi-step output LSTM models achieved higher accuracy in predicting the in-season CC values during the early growth stages (up to the 56th day), with an average testing RMSE of 3.86, significantly lower than other single-input LSTM models. Conversely, when sufficient testing data are available, single-input stacked-LSTM models demonstrated precision in CC predictions for later stages, achieving an average RMSE of 3.06. These findings highlight the potential of LSTM models for in-season CC forecasting, facilitating effective management strategies in cotton production.
Three new mixed ligand CuI-complexes Cu2(L)2(µ-I)2)(PPh3)22 (1), Cu2(µ-L) (µ-Br)2(PPh3)2. CH2Cl2∞ (2. CH2Cl2) and Cu2(µ-L)(µ-Cl)2(PPh3)2∞ (3) of a polydentate azino-pyridyl ligand L and ...triphenylphosphine have been synthesized and thoroughly characterized. Their DFT and Hirshfeld studies as well as photophysical and electrochemical properties have also been reported.
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•Synthesis of three ternary copper(I) complexes 1, 2 and 3 of a azino-pyridyl ligand.•Complex 1 is a dimer while 2 and 3 are 1D polymers.•These complexes are photoluminescent.•They showed reversible voltammograms with single CuI-CuII couple.
Three new copper(I) coordination oligomers Cu2(L)2(µ-I)2)(PPh3)22 (1), Cu2(µ-L) (µ-Br)2(PPh3)2·CH2Cl2∞ (2. CH2Cl2) and Cu2(µ-L)(µ-Cl)2(PPh3)2∞ (3) have been synthesized by reactions of equimolar CuX (X=I, Br and Cl), PPh3 and the polydentate azino-pyridyl ligand L. These complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, IR, UV–Vis and NMR spectroscopy. The crystal structures of the complexes 1 and 2. CH2Cl2 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis and it has been found that complex 1 is a dimer with -{CuI-(µ-I2)-CuI}- rhomboid core whereas complex 2. CH2Cl2 is a 1-D co-ordination polymer containing bridged Br−1 ion as well as the ligand L. Matching of X-ray powder pattern of 3 with the simulated powder data obtained from the single crystal of 2. CH2Cl2, and DFT studies reveal that the complex 3 is also a 1-D co-ordination polymer like complex 2. CH2Cl2. At room temperature in dichloromethane the ligand L is non-emissive whereas the complexes 1, 2 and 3 are photoluminescent. The E1/2 values of the CuI-CuII couple of 1, 2 and 3 are 1.06V, 0.85V and 0.81V (vs. Ag/AgCl in 1MKCl, scan rate 100mVs−1) respectively. DFT and Hirshfeld surfaces computational studies have also been performed for 1, 2 and 3.
In this paper, we reviewed the various advanced technologies and methods that could help patients for measuring adherence of patients. There exist intelligent technologies that are available for ...measuring medication adherence, including medication event monitoring system (MEMS®), smart blister packs, radio frequency identification (RFID) embedded smart drawers, and wisely aware RFID dosage (WARD) system. Utilization of these advanced technologies and systems have aided in enhancing the adherence to a greater extent. For example, MEMS® refers to the electronic cap that counts the number of bottles opened, but it can be employed only with bottles. Smart blisters are pharmaceutical packagings that possess the capability of monitoring when a pill or tablet is taken out of its packing. All those intelligent technologies can help in active monitoring of patients regarding adherence and capable of eradicating various medication errors due to which adherence is affected.
The rapid decline in water availability for irrigation on the Texas High Plains (THP) is a significant problem affecting crop production and the viability of a large regional economy worth ...approximately USD 7 billion annually. This region is the largest continuous cotton-producing area in the United States, and the timely delivery and efficient use of irrigation water are critical to the sustainability and profitability of cotton production in this region. Current irrigation scheduling must be improved to reduce water consumption without compromising crop production. Presently, irrigation scheduling based on reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is limited due to the lack of reliable and readily available in-field weather data and updated crop coefficients. Additionally, in-field variability in crop water demand is often overlooked, leading to lower irrigation efficiency. To address these challenges, we explored the potential use of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based crop monitoring system to support irrigation management decisions. This study was conducted in Lubbock, Texas, in 2022, where high temporal and spatial resolution images were acquired using a UAV from a cotton field experiment with four irrigation levels. Soil moisture and canopy temperature sensors were deployed to monitor crop response to irrigation and rainfall. The results indicated a significant effect of water stress on crop growth (revealed by UAV-based canopy cover (CC) measurements), yield, and fiber quality. Strong correlations between multi-temporal CC and lint yield (R2 = 0.68 to 0.88) emphasized a clear trend: rainfed treatments with lower yields exhibited reduced CC, while irrigated plots with higher CC displayed increased yields. Furthermore, irrigated plots produced more mature and uniform fibers. This study also explored various evapotranspiration calculation approaches indicating that site-specific CC measurements obtained from a UAV could significantly reduce irrigation application. A regression model linking evapotranspiration to canopy cover demonstrated promising potential for estimating water demand in crops with an R2 as high as 0.68. The findings highlight the efficacy of UAV-based canopy features in assessing drought effects and managing irrigation water in water-limited production regions like the THP.
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