Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have now earned the reputation as "artificial receptors" or "plastic antibodies". As the mimics of natural receptors, MIPs are reminiscent of some basic ...functions of natural receptors in living systems,
e.g.
, the ability to interact with or recognize cells. The latest decade has witnessed a great advance in MIPs from simple molecular extraction to efficient cell recognition, implying that MIP-based synthetic receptors are approaching to be perfectly functioning replicates of their natural counterparts. With the most emerging development in molecular imprinting, MIP-mediated cell recognition has now shown great promise in cell biology research, theranostics and regenerative medicine. This tutorial review provides a panoramic view of current MIPs for both microorganism and mammalian cell recognition. The most representative developments of MIP-mediated cell recognition, from initial imprinting strategies to eventual bio-related applications, are highlighted.
Molecularly imprinted polymers are now approaching the perfection of natural receptors,
e.g.
, the ability to interact with or recognize cells.
Amblyopia is a leading cause of vision impairment among children and young adults. Individual studies showed significant variations in the prevalence of amblyopia in different regions and age groups. ...This study is to estimate the global prevalence of amblyopia by pooling its prevalence from the previous studies and to project the number of people affected through 2040.
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of amblyopia using data published before 20 October 2018. We estimated the prevalence rate of amblyopia and its 95% CI globally and by subgroups (eg, region and age). The prevalence data were applied to United Nations World Population Prospects to derive the projected number with amblyopia through 2040.
A meta-analysis of 60 studies (1 859 327 subjects) showed that the pooled prevalence rate of amblyopia was 1.44% (95% CI 1.17% to 1.78%). Prevalences in Europe (2.90%) and North America (2.41%) were higher than in Asia (1.09%) and Africa (0.72%). The highest prevalence was found in subjects over 20 years old (3.29%). There was no difference in the prevalence between genders. We estimated 99.2 (95% CI 71.7 to 146.1) million people with amblyopia in 2019 worldwide, increasing to 175.2 (95% CI 81.3 to 307.8) million by 2030 and 221.9 (95% CI 83.7 to 429.2) million by 2040.
The amblyopia is becoming a significant vision problem worldwide. It is of great importance to design and implement amblyopia screening, treatment and related public health strategies.
Citation information: Pan C‐W, Ramamurthy D & Saw S‐M. Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2012, 32, 3‐16. doi: 10.1111/j.1475‐1313.2011.00884.x
Background: ...Myopia, the most common type of refractive error, is a complex trait including both genetic and environmental factors. Numerous studies have tried to elucidate the aetiology of myopia. However, the exact aetiology of myopia is still unclear.
Purpose: To summarize the worldwide patterns and trends for the prevalence of myopia and to evaluate the risk factors for myopia in population‐based studies.
Recent findings: The prevalences of myopia vary across populations of different regions and ethnicities. In population‐based studies on children, the prevalence of myopia has been reported to be higher in urban areas and Chinese ethnicity. The regional and racial difference is not so obvious in adult populations aged over 40 years. More time spent on near work, less time outdoors, higher educational level and parental history of myopia have been reported to increase the risk of myopia.
Conclusions: Environmental factors play a crucial role in myopia development. The effect of gene‐environment interaction on the aetiology of myopia is still controversial with inconsistent findings in different studies. A relatively hyperopic periphery can stimulate compensating eye growth in the centre. Longitudinal cohort studies or randomized clinical trials of community‐based health behaviour interventions should be conducted to further clarify the aetiology of myopia.
We examined the prevalence of and trends in obesity among children and adolescents in China (1985-2010).
We used data from the 1985, 1991, 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010 Chinese National Surveys on ...Students' Constitution and Health (CNSSCH). The CNSSCH is a national survey of physical fitness and health status in Chinese students that uses multistage stratified sampling of 31 provinces and municipalities. A subject was considered obese or overweight if weight-for-height exceeded the 20% or 10% of standard weight-for-height. The standard weight-for-height was the 80th percentile for sex- and age-specific growth charts.
The age-adjusted prevalence of obesity and of overweight and obesity combined was 8.1% (95% CI, 8.0-8.3%) and 19.2% (95% CI, 19.1-19.4%) among children and adolescents 7-18 years in age. Obesity was more likely to be present among children or adolescents who were male (RR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.90-1.97), urban (RR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.95-2.02), or 10-12 years (RR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.40-1.46). Trend analyses of the 25-year period revealed a significant increasing trend in males (RR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.58-1.60) and in females (RR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.48-1.50). The rate of increase in obese or overweight prevalence was highest in boys from rural areas (9% annual increase).
During 1985-2010, there was a significant and continuous increase in the prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents. Obesity is epidemic in China, but may be reduced with evidence-based interventions (e.g., school intervention programs).
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Recently, interest in aluminium ion batteries with aluminium anodes, graphite cathodes and ionic liquid electrolytes has increased; however, much remains to be done to increase the cathode capacity ...and to understand details of the anion-graphite intercalation mechanism. Here, an aluminium ion battery cell made using pristine natural graphite flakes achieves a specific capacity of ∼110 mAh g
with Coulombic efficiency ∼98%, at a current density of 99 mA g
(0.9 C) with clear discharge voltage plateaus (2.25-2.0 V and 1.9-1.5 V). The cell has a capacity of 60 mAh g
at 6 C, over 6,000 cycles with Coulombic efficiency ∼ 99%. Raman spectroscopy shows two different intercalation processes involving chloroaluminate anions at the two discharging plateaus, while C-Cl bonding on the surface, or edges of natural graphite, is found using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Finally, theoretical calculations are employed to investigate the intercalation behaviour of choloraluminate anions in the graphite electrode.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) uses individual light quanta in quantum superposition states to guarantee unconditional communication security between distant parties. However, the distance over which ...QKD is achievable has been limited to a few hundred kilometres, owing to the channel loss that occurs when using optical fibres or terrestrial free space that exponentially reduces the photon transmission rate. Satellite-based QKD has the potential to help to establish a global-scale quantum network, owing to the negligible photon loss and decoherence experienced in empty space. Here we report the development and launch of a low-Earth-orbit satellite for implementing decoy-state QKD-a form of QKD that uses weak coherent pulses at high channel loss and is secure because photon-number-splitting eavesdropping can be detected. We achieve a kilohertz key rate from the satellite to the ground over a distance of up to 1,200 kilometres. This key rate is around 20 orders of magnitudes greater than that expected using an optical fibre of the same length. The establishment of a reliable and efficient space-to-ground link for quantum-state transmission paves the way to global-scale quantum networks.
Forsythiaside A, an active constituent isolated from air-dried fruits of Forsythia suspensa, has been reported to have multiple pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, ...and antioxidant activities. In the present study, the hepatoprotective effect of forsythiaside A was investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/d-galactosamine (GalN)-induced acute liver injury in mice. Mice acute liver injury model was induced by LPS (50μg/kg)/GalN (800mg/kg). Forsythiaside A was administrated 1h prior to LPS/GalN exposure. The results showed that forsythiaside A attenuated hepatic pathological damage, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and serum ALT, and AST levels induced by LPS/GalN. Moreover, forsythiaside A inhibited NF-κB activation, serum TNF-α and hepatic TNF-α levels induced by LPS/GalN. Furthermore, we found that forsythiaside A up-regulated the expression of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1. Our results showed that forsythiaside A protected against LPS/GalN-induced liver injury through activation of Nrf2 and inhibition of NF-κB activation.
•Forsythiaside attenuated hepatic pathological damage and serum ALT, and AST levels induced by LPS/GalN.•Forsythiaside inhibited NF-κB activation, serum TNF-α and hepatic TNF-α levels induced by LPS/GalN.•Forsythiaside up-regulated the expression of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1.
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•Biochar modified by non-thermal plasma was investigated for Hg0 adsorption.•The chlorine-functional groups were increased on biochars by chlorine plasma.•CCl groups served as ...activated sites and dominated Hg0 removal in biochars.•Chlorine plasma increased the Hg0 removal efficiency of all modified biochars.•T6Cl exhibited the highest Hg0 adsorption capacity of 583.0µg/g in 90min.
Biochar, known as a byproduct of biomass pyrolysis, was prepared from rice straw (R6), tobacco straw (T6), corn straw (C6), wheat straw (W6), millet straw (M6), and black bean straw (B6) in high purity nitrogen at 600°C. Chlorine (Cl) non-thermal plasma was used to increase Cl active sites on biochar to promote the mercury removal efficiency. The physio-chemical properties of biochar were characterized by proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, BET, SEM, TGA, FTIR, and XPS. Modification by chlorine plasma increased the Hg0 removal efficiency of the biochar from around 8.0% to 80.0%. The Hg0 adsorption capacity of T6 was 36 times higher after Cl2 plasma modification. Plasma caused the biochar surface to become porous and promoted the thermal stability of the biochar. Sulfur (S) content remained in the range of 0.5–0.7%, elemental/organic sulfur and sulfide were converted to sulfate during plasma treatment. The relative intensity of the oxygen functional groups (CO, CO and C(O)OC) were enhanced, while the content of oxygen (O) in biochar decreased. The main reason for the improved mercury removal efficiency by modified biochars was attributed to the increased number of CCl groups on the surface of the biochars induced by Cl2 plasma. The CCl groups functioned as activated sites and promoted the Hg0 removal efficiency.
Many literature reviews summarized relationships between screen time and child health, but they only included a few studies conducted in Chinese children and adolescents. The potential influence of ...screen time may vary by social context. The current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate relationships between screen time and health issues among Chinese school-aged children and adolescents.
Peer-reviewed articles written in Chinese and English were retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from inception to June 2020. The Downs & Black checklist was applied to assess study quality. Meta analyses used random effect models and mixed effects model to calculate pooled adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity, sensitivity, and publication bias were assessed using Q and I
statistics, "one-study removed" analysis, the funnel plot, trim and fill analysis, and classical fail-safe N, respectively.
In total, we identified 252 articles reporting 268 studies with unique samples. These studies investigated relationships between screen time and health issues of adiposity, myopia, psycho-behavioral problems, poor academic performance, cardiometabolic disease risks, sleep disorder, poor physical fitness, musculoskeletal injury, sub-health, and miscellaneous issues of height and pubertal growth, injury, sick leave, and respiratory symptoms. Proportions of studies reporting positive relationships with screen time were lowest in adiposity (50.6%) and higher in myopia (59.2%) and psycho-behavioral problems (81.8%). Other health issues were examined in 10 or less studies, all of which had more than half showing positive relationships. The pooled odds ratio from 19 studies comparing health risks with the screen time cutoff of 2 hours per day was 1.40 (95% CI: 1.31 to 1.50, I
= 85.9%). The pooled effect size was 1.29 (95% CI: 1.20 to 1.39) after trimming 7 studies for publication bias adjustments.
Findings exclusively generated from Chinese school-aged children and adolescents resonate those mainly from western countries. Evidence suggests that higher levels of screen time are related with greater risks of various health issues, although the relationships appear to be weak and intertwined with other confounding factors. Future studies need to investigate health-specific dose effects and mechanisms of screen time.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Metastasis causes the vast majority of colorectal carcinoma (CRC)-related deaths. However, little is known about the specific traits and underlying mechanisms of metastasis-initiating cells in ...primary CRC. And whether or not circular RNAs (circRNAs) take part in this particular event remain not adequately stated yet.
A screening method based on Transwell assay was first applied to build CRC subgroups with different metastatic potential. High throughput RNA sequencing was used to find out novel metastatic drivers in CRC metastasis-initiating step. A series of in vitro and in vivo assays were further applied to elucidate the functions and underlying molecular mechanisms of circRNAs in CRC metastasis.
A circRNA consisting of exon 8-11 of LONP2, termed as circLONP2, was upregulated in metastasis-initiating CRC subgroups. Aberrant higher expression of circLONP2 was observed in primary CRC tissues with established metastasis, and along the invasive margin in metastatic site. High expression of circLONP2 predicted unfavorable overall survival. Functional studies revealed that circLONP2 could enhance the invasiveness of CRC cells in vitro, and targeting circLONP2 through anti-sense oligonucleotide (ASO) dramatically reduced the penetrance of metastasis to foreign organs in vivo. Mechanically, circLONP2 directly interacted with and promoted the processing of primary microRNA-17 (pri-miR-17), through recruiting DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8 (DGCR8) and Drosha complex in DDX1-dependent manner. Meanwhile, upregulated mature miR-17-5p could be assembled into exosomes and internalized by neighboring cells to enhance their aggressiveness.
Our data indicate that circLONP2 acts as key metastasis-initiating molecule during CRC progression through modulating the intracellular maturation and intercellular transfer of miR-17, resulting in dissemination of metastasis-initiating ability in primary site and acceleration of metastasis formation in foreign organs. circLONP2 could serve as an effective prognostic predictor and/or novel anti-metastasis therapeutic target in CRC treatment.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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