We introduce a new large-scale data set of video URLs with densely-sampled object bounding box annotations called YouTube-BoundingBoxes (YT-BB). The data set consists of approximately 380,000 video ...segments about 19s long, automatically selected to feature objects in natural settings without editing or post-processing, with a recording quality often akin to that of a hand-held cell phone camera. The objects represent a subset of the COCO 32 label set. All video segments were human-annotated with high-precision classification labels and bounding boxes at 1 frame per second. The use of a cascade of increasingly precise human annotations ensures a label accuracy above 95% for every class and tight bounding boxes. Finally, we train and evaluate well-known deep network architectures and report baseline figures for per-frame classification and localization. We also demonstrate how the temporal contiguity of video can potentially be used to improve such inferences. The data set can be found at https://research.google.com/youtube-bb. We hope the availability of such large curated corpus will spur new advances in video object detection and tracking.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of single spins have recently been detected by quantum sensors. However, the spectral resolution has been limited by the sensor's relaxation to a few kHz at room ...temperature. This can be improved by using quantum memories, at the expense of sensitivity. In contrast, classical signals can be measured with exceptional spectral resolution by using continuous measurement techniques, without compromising sensitivity. When applied to single-spin NMR, it is critical to overcome the impact of back action inherent of quantum measurement. Here we report sequential weak measurements on a single
C nuclear spin. The back-action causes the spin to undergo a quantum dynamics phase transition from coherent trapping to coherent oscillation. Single-spin NMR at room-temperature with a spectral resolution of 3.8 Hz is achieved. These results enable the use of measurement-correlation schemes for the detection of very weakly coupled single spins.
Based on the premise of sustainable development of the environment, how to achieve the balance of energy utilization, economic development, and sustainable management of the environment is becoming ...increasingly important in the process of stable economic development. This paper analyzes the concept of environmental Kuznets curve, taking 35 European countries as the research objects, first discusses the trend of energy utilization efficiency from 1990 to 2013, and then analyzes the relationship between energy efficiency and economic development. Empirical results show that labor has a significant negative impact on energy efficiency and the increase in labor input will reduce energy efficiency. If the added value of national manufacturing accounts for a higher percentage in GDP, it will have a negative impact on the effectiveness of energy utilization. In addition, when the national price level is high, price fluctuation will increase the price of energy utilization, or the cost of energy input in economic activities, which will further reduce the country’s energy efficiency performance. Lastly, the empirical study also found that energy efficiency and economic development showed a quadratic U-shaped relationship, indicating that the long-term energy efficiency of the country will first decline and then rise during economic activities.
The high‐pressure and high‐temperature (HPHT) diamonds with well‐controlled defects and low stress offer an ideal host substrate for the fields of quantum information science; however, fabrication of ...quantum‐grade HPHT diamonds remains a pressing challenge. Here, a major advance in generating highly coherent nitrogen‐vacancy (NV) centers, a promising spin defect in diamonds, via tailored HPHT synthesis and postgrown annealing treatment is reported. The resulting well‐dispersed single NV− centers in type‐IIa diamonds exhibit long spin coherence times comparable to that of the reported chemical vapor deposition diamonds. Moreover, high‐density NV− ensembles in 〈100〉‐grown type‐Ib diamonds with superb zero‐phonon lines considerably sharper than those of native NV− centers in as‐grown diamonds, together with low splitting of resonances are produced. These findings demonstrate a superior synthesis and optimization protocol for creating high‐quality NV− centers avoiding lattice damage in diamond to meet the stringent requirements for a wide range of emerging quantum technologies.
This study reports an efficient way to fabricate high‐quality NV‐ centers by controlling nitrogen content, growth orientation, and high‐pressure and high‐temperature (HPHT) annealing conditions. The HPHT synthesized and postgrowth annealed diamonds contain highly coherent single and ensemble NV− centers, showcasing outstanding performance benchmarks that are comparable to those reported for quantum‐grade chemical vapor deposition diamonds. Thus, the HPHT diamond is successfully developed into quantum‐grade.
Pulmonary fibrosis arises from the repeated epithelial mild injuries and insufficient repair lead to over activation of fibroblasts and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, which result in a ...mechanical stretched niche. However, increasing mechanical stress likely exists before the establishment of fibrosis since early micro injuries increase local vascular permeability and prompt cytoskeletal remodeling which alter cellular mechanical forces. It is noteworthy that COVID-19 patients with severe hypoxemia will receive mechanical ventilation as supportive treatment and subsequent pathology studies indicate lung fibrosis pattern. At advanced stages, mechanical stress originates mainly from the stiff matrix since boundaries between stiff and compliant parts of the tissue could generate mechanical stress. Therefore, mechanical stress has a significant role in the whole development process of pulmonary fibrosis. The alveoli are covered by abundant capillaries and function as the main gas exchange unit. Constantly subject to variety of damages, the alveolar epithelium injuries were recently recognized to play a vital role in the onset and development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the literature regarding the effects of mechanical stress on the fundamental cells constituting the alveoli in the process of pulmonary fibrosis, particularly on epithelial cells, capillary endothelial cells, fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages and stem cells. Finally, we briefly review this issue from a more comprehensive perspective: the metabolic and epigenetic regulation.
Abstract With the rapid development of quantum technology, the growing manipulated Hilbert space makes learning the dynamics of the quantum system a significant challenge. Machine learning technique ...has brought apparent advantages in some learning strategies, therefore, we introduce it to indirect learning in this paper. Based on Choi–Jamiolkowski isomorphism, we propose a protocol that learns the dynamics of an inaccessible quantum system using a quantum device at hand. For an n -qubit system, the learning task can be done iteratively, with operational complexity O ( poly ( n , L ) / ϵ 2 ) in each iteration, where L is the circuit depth and ε is the measurement error. Then we theoretically prove its noise resilience to global depolarization, state preparation and measurement noise, and unitary noise in gates implementation, where we find the learned dynamics stay invariant. Finally, we investigate the protocol experimentally on a nitrogen-vacancy center system with a natural noise source. The results show that the behavior of a relatively intractable nuclear spin can be learned through an easily accessible electron spin under different noise models, demonstrating the protocol’s feasibility.
In traditional optoelectronic approaches, control over spin, charge, and light requires the use of both electrical and magnetic fields. In a spin-polarized light-emitting diode (spin-LED), charges ...are injected, and circularly polarized light is emitted from spin-polarized carrier pairs. Typically, the injection of carriers occurs with the application of an electric field, whereas spin polarization can be achieved using an applied magnetic field or polarized ferromagnetic contacts. We used chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) to produce spin-polarized carriers and demonstrate a spin-LED that operates at room temperature without magnetic fields or ferromagnetic contacts. The CISS layer consists of oriented, self-assembled small chiral molecules within a layered organic-inorganic metal-halide hybrid semiconductor framework. The spin-LED achieves ±2.6% circularly polarized electroluminescence at room temperature.
Recently, it has been reported that the combination of permanganate (Mn(VII)) and bisulfite can lead to a rapid degradation of organic contaminants, where soluble Mn(III) is proposed to be ...responsible. Interestingly, in this work, we demonstrated the involvement of high-valent Mn-oxo species (possibly Mn(V)) as well as sulfate radical in the Mn(VII)/bisulfite system, by using methyl phenyl sulfoxide (PMSO) as a chemical probe. It was found that the combination of Mn(VII) and bisulfite resulted in appreciable degradation of PMSO under various conditions, while negligible PMSO was degraded by manganese dioxide (MnO2) in the presence of bisulfite under similar conditions. This result indicated that Mn(III) intermediate formed in situ in both Mn(VII)/bisulfite and MnO2/bisulfite systems as proposed in literature exhibited sluggish reactivity toward PMSO. In parallel, the formation of methyl phenyl sulfone (PMSO2) product in the Mn(VII)/bisulfite system was observed, suggesting the role of high-valent Mn-oxo species as an oxygen-atom donor in conversion of PMSO to PMSO2. Moreover, the yield of PMSO2 (i.e., mole of PMSO2 produced per mole of PMSO degraded) was quantified to be 20–100%, strongly depending on the Mn(VII)/bisulfite ratio as well as solution pH. The competitive contribution of sulfate radical, which oxidized PMSO to hydroxylated and/or polymeric products but not to PMSO2, accounted for the yield of PMSO2 less than 100%. This work advances the fundamental understanding of a novel class of oxidation technology based on the combination of Mn(VII) and bisulfite for environmental decontamination.
Prior stock price peaks of targets affect several aspects of merger and acquisition activity. Offer prices are biased toward recent peak prices although they are economically unremarkable. An offer's ...probability of acceptance jumps discontinuously when it exceeds a peak price. Conversely, bidder shareholders react more negatively as the offer price is influenced upward toward a peak. Merger waves occur when high returns on the market and likely targets make it easier for bidders to offer a peak price. Parties thus appear to use recent peaks as reference points or anchors to simplify the complex tasks of valuation and negotiation.
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