On the basis of spectroscopic studies of (NH
2
(C
2
H
5
)
2
)
2
CoCl
4
crystals, the absorption bands corresponding to the internal electronic transitions in the Co
2+
ion were identified. The values ...of the crystal field and Racah parameters were calculated. The temperature evolution of the absorption spectra of (NH
2
(C
2
H
5
)
2
)
2
CoCl
4
crystals reveals the anomalies of their parameters at the points of phase transitions. The corresponding changes of the absorption spectra were discussed in terms of distortion of the metal-halogen complex. The temperature dependences of the absorption spectra of (NH
2
(C
2
H
5
)
2
)
2
CoCl
4
crystals confirm the presence of the thermochromic phase transitions at 255 and 330 K.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The dayside magnetosphere and proton radiation belt were analyzed during unusual magnetic storm on 21 January 2005. We have found that from 1712 to 2400 UT, the subsolar magnetopause was continuously ...located inside geosynchronous orbit due to strong compression. The compression was extremely strong from 1846 to 2035 UT when the dense plasma of fast erupting filament produced the solar wind dynamic pressure that peaked up to > 100 nPa, and during the first time, the upstream solar wind was observed at geosynchronous orbit for almost 2 h. Under the extreme compression, the outer magnetosphere at L > 5 was pushed inward, and the outer radiation belt particles moved earthward, became adiabatically accelerated, and accumulated in the inner magnetosphere at L < 4 that produced the intensified ring current with an exceptionally long lifetime. The observations were compared with predictions of various empirical and first‐principles models. All the models failed to predict the magnetospheric dynamics under the extreme compression when the minimal magnetopause distance was estimated to be ~3 RE. The inconsistencies might result from distortions of plasma measurements by extreme heliospheric conditions consisting in very fast solar wind streams and intense fluxes of solar energetic particles. We speculated that anomalous dynamics of the magnetosphere could be well described by the models if the He abundance in the solar wind was assumed to be > 20%, which is well appropriate for erupting filaments and which is in agreement with the upper 27% threshold for the He/H ratio obtained from Cluster measurements.
Key Points
Extreme compression pushes the bow shock inside geosynchronous orbit for ~2 h
Ring current moves to the inner magnetosphere (L~3) with betatron energization
High He abundance in the erupting filament allows predicting the observations
A high-voltage system for electron cooling of the COSY (Germany) synchrotron is featured by the presence of a profile monitor that is used for measurement of current density distribution in electron ...beam. A structure and a method for measurement and experimental results on electron-beam profile in different working regimes of electron gun are presented.
Onboard the spacecraft Lomonosov is established two fast, fixed, very wide-field cameras SHOK. The main goal of this experiment is the observation of GRB optical emission before, synchronously, and ...after the gamma-ray emission. The field of view of each of the cameras is placed in the gamma-ray burst detection area of other devices located onboard the “Lomonosov” spacecraft. SHOK provides measurements of optical emissions with a magnitude limit of
∼
9
–
10
m
on a single frame with an exposure of 0.2 seconds. The device is designed for continuous sky monitoring at optical wavelengths in the very wide field of view (1000 square degrees each camera), detection and localization of fast time-varying (transient) optical sources on the celestial sphere, including provisional and synchronous time recording of optical emissions from the gamma-ray burst error boxes, detected by the BDRG device and implemented by a control signal (alert trigger) from the BDRG. The Lomonosov spacecraft has two identical devices, SHOK1 and SHOK2. The core of each SHOK device is a fast-speed 11-Megapixel CCD. Each of the SHOK devices represents a monoblock, consisting of a node observations of optical emission, the electronics node, elements of the mechanical construction, and the body.
The generation of transient and other optical phenomena in the Earth’s upper atmosphere under the action of electron fluxes and high- and low-frequency electromagnetic waves resulting from ...electromagnetic fields 1 has been studied onboard the small Vernov spacecraft (solar synchronous orbit, 98° inclination, altitude 640–830 km). On the night side at middle latitudes, the technogenic glow is shown to be observed along the preferential meridians whose distribution corresponds to the longitudes of the most powerful low-frequency radio stations 2. The geographic distribution of this glow changes abruptly at the boundary between the day and night sides of the satellite orbit; on the day side, such meridians are not identified, while their geographic distribution in longitude is uniform. The boundaries of the geographic distribution of technogenic glow regions on the day side are unstable in latitude, their northern and southern boundaries are shifted at all latitudes from the North Pole to the South Pole. At middle and low latitudes, zones with random geographic coordinates, where the technogenic glow is completely absent, are observed in the distributions of signals along the meridians. When studying the flashes caused by discharges in the atmosphere, we showed that lightning flashes and transient luminous events at nighttime are observed mainly in equatorial regions, which coincide with zones of high thunderstorm activity. At daytime, flashes of light are recorded much more rarely, have a short duration, are observed most often in the Earth’s polar regions, including the winter periods, the power of their emission exceeds considerably the power of similar (in duration) short flashes observed at night.
The article is devoted to the analysis of prospects of application of geoinformation systems (GIS), methods and technologies of remote sensing of the Earth for monitoring and assessment of the state ...of agricultural lands. The article assesses the possibilities of specialized GIS in improving the efficiency of current crop monitoring, implementation of principles and technologies of organic agriculture. The peculiarities of the structure of perspective GIS for assessing the state and monitoring of agricultural lands are considered. The article describes the main tasks and functions of GIS data, notes the importance of an electronic map as the basis for the integration of cartographic, textual, digital and visual information. The work analyzes the geoinformation system of the region's agro-industrial complex being developed in the Republic of Tatarstan. The main directions of its development have been noted, among which special attention has been paid to the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and UAV-technologies, which create opportunities for the operative collection and processing of large volumes of information in the GIS environment for the purpose of solving the tasks of monitoring and assessment of land conditions, which facilitates the transition to the systems of organic and precision agriculture on the basis of a more reasonable formation of directions of application of biological means of plant protection, development of recommendations on the composition of lands, structure of sowing..
The objective of the Electron Losses and Fields INvestigation on board the Lomonosov satellite (ELFIN-L) project is to determine the energy spectrum of precipitating energetic electrons and ions and, ...together with other polar-orbiting and equatorial missions, to better understand the mechanisms responsible for scattering these particles into the atmosphere. This mission will provide detailed measurements of the radiation environment at low altitudes. The 400–500 km sun-synchronous orbit of Lomonosov is ideal for observing electrons and ions precipitating into the atmosphere. This mission provides a unique opportunity to test the instruments. Similar suite of instruments will be flown in the future NSF- and NASA-supported spinning CubeSat ELFIN satellites which will augment current measurements by providing detailed information on pitch-angle distributions of precipitating and trapped particles.
A special version of the SHIELD transport code has been developed intended for radiation protection purposes in space. The calculation of the fluxes of primary and secondary particles and the ...absorbed dose rate in a water phantom behind various shielding under the influence of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) using the GCR model developed by the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University. The code architecture is briefly described as a version of SHIELD including models of nuclear reactions. Stopping power
dE
/
dX
(
E
) is calculated in the energy range of 10 keV/nucleon–100 GeV/nucleon. The calculation was performed in spherical geometry, which allows, in a simple formulation of the problem, to compare the fluxes of particles of different types in the phantom, as well as to estimate the contribution to the dose of different GCR components depending on the protection parameters.
The “Lomonosov” space project is lead by Lomonosov Moscow State University in collaboration with the following key partners: Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Russia, University of California, ...Los Angeles (USA), University of Pueblo (Mexico), Sungkyunkwan University (Republic of Korea) and with Russian space industry organizations to study some of extreme phenomena in space related to astrophysics, astroparticle physics, space physics, and space biology. The primary goals of this experiment are to study:
Ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECR) in the energy range of the Greizen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin (GZK) cutoff;
Ultraviolet (UV) transient luminous events in the upper atmosphere;
Multi-wavelength study of gamma-ray bursts in visible, UV, gamma, and X-rays;
Energetic trapped and precipitated radiation (electrons and protons) at low-Earth orbit (LEO) in connection with global geomagnetic disturbances;
Multicomponent radiation doses along the orbit of spacecraft under different geomagnetic conditions and testing of space segments of optical observations of space-debris and other space objects;
Instrumental vestibular-sensor conflict of zero-gravity phenomena during space flight.
This paper is directed towards the general description of both scientific goals of the project and scientific equipment on board the satellite. The following papers of this issue are devoted to detailed descriptions of scientific instruments.
Discussion issues on partial replacement of mineral fertilizers with crushed straw and crop siderate, as well as minimizing soil tillage, are often linked by researchers to an increase in biological ...and enzymatic activity, at the same time, and with an increase in the number of agronomically important physiological groups of soil-ammonifying, nitrifying, denitrifying bacteria and cellulose - forming microor-ganisms that contribute to higher yields and lower production costs for the cultivation of crops. In result of the conducted researches we obtained the highest yield of all possible experience (of 3.09 t/ha) and the best indicators of quality of grain of spring wheat also were obtained on the variant with the introduction N60P60K60, chopped straw predecessor and green manure on subsurface loosening. In addition, in this embodiment, the best were the economic indicators, net income - RUB 2369,6 1 ha, and the level of profitability of production amounted to 34.3%.
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