The core part of current model is to analyze the entropy generation and 2-dimensional unsteady stagnation flow with suction/injection constraint present in the boundary. Further, the induced magnetic ...field has applied with this flow model, which is formed by the motion of fluid that conducts electrically. The time-dependent partial differential equations (PDE) of the recent model are first converted to non-linear ordinary differential equations (ODE) using suitable similarity variables. We obtain solutions numerically using inbuilt shooting technic. We demonstrate the results using the graphs, tables and discussed them in detail. It is found that as the injection parameter is responsible for the thinning of the boundary layer, induced magnetic boundary layer; Suction, and unsteady constraints decelerate Bejan number; and the unsteady parameter
decelerates the
profiles and the temperature distributions accelerate by the
A perioral facial burn is usually accompanied by a reduction in size of the oral orifice because of the contraction of the healing wound. Perioral contracture leads to microstomia, restricting ...nutrition, speech, and jaw movements and impairing the esthetic appearance of the face. It is imperative to introduce splints as early as possible to prevent the postburn sequelae. A delay in splinting allows postburn contractures. Overcoming these contractures to regain the size of the stoma requires restructuring of the hypertrophic scar using mechanical force and the biomodification of the tissues. This article describes the treatment of microstomia and the hypertrophic scarring of the perioral tissue using a novel static commissural splint with customizable components in conjunction with intralesional injections of triamcinolone. Within 6 months, the splint together with the steroid injections had helped increase the vertical opening of the mouth by 15 mm and the intercommissural distance by 16 mm.
Effect of SrO on piezoelectric, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of (Ba
1−x
Sr
x
) (Ti
0.98
Zr
0.02
)O
3
, (x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.015, 0.02 and 0.03 mol) lead free piezoceramics was studied. The ...powders were prepared by “mixed oxide” route, calcined at 1,000 °C for 4 h. XRD patterns of the calcined powders confirm the orthorhombic phase. The calcined powders were de-agglomerated, pressed into pellets and sintered at 1,150 °C for 3 h. Scanning electron microscopy studies of thermally etched sintered pellets show increase in the grain size with the increase in SrO concentration. The piezoelectric charge constant (d
33
= 330 pC/N), dielectric constant (K = 2,337) and remnant polarization (P
r
= 4.69 μC/cm
2
) were maximum for 0.015 mol of SrO. The temperature versus dielectric constant graph was plotted for 0.015 mol SrO doped BZT and the Curie temperature was found to be 116 °C.
Effect of MgO on ferroelectric, dielectric, piezoelectric properties of (Ba
1−x
Mg
x
) (Ti
0.98
Zr
0.02
) O
3
, (x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.015, 0.02 and 0.03 mol) lead free piezoceramics was studied. The ...powders were prepared by conventional solid state reaction method, calcined at 1000 °C for 4 h. XRD patterns of the calcined powders show phase pure perovskite structure. The calcined powders were de-agglomerated, pressed into pellets and sintered at 1150 °C for 3 h. Scanning electron microscopy studies of thermally etched sintered pellets show sub-micron sized grains for undoped BZT and 3–5 μm sized grains for 0.01 mol MgO doped BZT. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis of MgO doped BZT sample confirms the presence of dopants very close to their stoichiometric compositions. The piezoelectric charge constant (d
33
= 164 pC/N), dielectric constant (K = 2348) and remnant polarization (P
r
= 3.3 μC/cm
2
) were maximum for BZT samples containing 0.01 mol of MgO.
Flame stabilization in reacting jet in crossflow (RJICF) is often affected by interaction between different mechanisms, involving auto-ignition, partially-premixed flame behavior, and vortex-induced ...recirculation zones. These flame stabilization mechanisms depend on the local flow dynamics involving the interaction between the jet fluid and the crossflow. In this research a staged combustion system featuring a reacting jet in crossflow as means of secondary combustion zone is investigated. The fuel jet is injected into the crossflow through a contoured nozzle which is protruded into the crossflow to avoid flame contact with the combustor wall. with a top-hat velocity profile. The ignition dynamics of the reacting jet is discussed based on high-repetition-rate OH-PLIF measurements along the RJICF trajectory. The recirculation region in the leeward side of the jet promotes fuel–air mixing and provides conditions favorable for a sustained flame kernel which leads to complete ignition of the jet. There is a difference in the flame structure of a non-premixed H2/N2 flame as compared to a premixed natural gas flame indicating a difference in flame stabilization mechanism. The H2 flame is primarily stabilized at the stagnation plane between the crossflow and the windward shear layer of the jet. Due to the higher propensity of strain rate induced extinctions of premixed natural gas (NG)/air jet flame, a stable reaction zone is seen only in the jet recirculation region. Conditional statistics of the simultaneously computed velocity magnitude, vorticity magnitude and in-plane strain rate were extracted from the location of the flame front in the windward and leeward side of the jet. The conditional statistics show that the mean strain rate plays an important role in flame stabilization particularly for premixed NG/air jets which is found to be susceptible to strain rate induced extinction. Measurements at a plane half jet diameter below the injection location of the jet indicate that there is a continuous entrainment of PIV particles as well as reaction products and unburnt fuel-air mixture. In this study high-repetition-rate simultaneous PIV/OH-PLIF measurements along the jet cross-section are discussed.
Water-soluble species constitute a significant fraction (up to 60–70%) of the total aerosol loading in the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL). The “indirect” effects, that is, climate forcing ...due to modification of cloud properties depend on the water-soluble composition of aerosols. Thus, the characterization of aerosols over the MABL is of greater relevance. Here, we present 1-year long aerosol chemical composition data of PM
10
and PM
2.5
at a costal location in the northeastern Arabian Sea (Goa; 15.45°N, 73.20°E, 56 m above the sea level). Average water-soluble ionic concentration (sum of anion and cation) is highest (25.5 ± 6.9 and 19.6 ± 5.8 μg·m
−3
for PM
10
and PM
2.5
, respectively) during winter season and lowest during post-monsoon (17.3 ± 9.1 and 14.4 ± 8.1 μg·m
−3
for PM
10
and PM
2.5
, respectively). Among water-soluble ionic spices, SO
4
2-
ion was found to be dominant species in anions and NH
4
+
is dominant in cations, for both PM
10
and PM
2.5
during all the seasons. These observations clearly hint to the contribution from anthropogenic emission and significant secondary inorganic species formation. Sea-salt (calculated based on Na
+
and Cl
−
) concentration shows significant temporal variability with highest contribution during summer seasons in both fractions. Sea-salt corrected Ca
2+
, an indicator of mineral dust is found mostly during summer months, particularly in PM
10
samples, indicates contribution from mineral dust emissions from arid/semiarid regions located in the north/northwestern India and southwest Asia. These observations are corroborated with back-trajectory analyses, wherein air parcels were found to derive from the desert area in summer and Indo-Gangetic Plains (a hot spot for anthropogenic emissions) during winter. In addition, we also observe the presence of nss-K
+
(sea-salt corrected), for PM
2.5
, particularly during winter months, indicating influence of biomass burning emissions. The impact on aerosol chemistry is further assessed based on chloride depletion. Chloride depletion is observed very significant during post-monsoon months (October and November), wherein more than 80 up to 100% depletion is found, mediated by excess sulfates highlighting the role of secondary species in atmospheric chemistry. Regional scale characterization of atmospheric aerosols is important for their better parameterization in chemical transport model and estimation of radiative forcing.
There is a lack of published soot measurement data in buoyant turbulent flames under reduced oxygen conditions. In this work, the laser induced incandescence (LII) technique is used to investigate ...the soot volume fraction (fv) and soot sheet thickness in buoyant turbulent diffusion flames in atmospheres with different oxygen concentrations (OC, oxygen molar fraction in oxidizer). The experiments establish an extensive database of quantitative fv spatial distribution in ethylene flames under three OCs (20.9%, 16.8%, and 15.2%) and two heat release rates (HRR = 10 kW and 15 kW). Mean, fluctuation, and probability density function of fv, as well as local soot intermittency are studied and compared across different conditions. The results show that the maximum instantaneous fv in normal air can be ~8 ppm; but the corresponding mean fv only reaches up to 0.58 ppm due to turbulence and flame intermittency. As the oxygen concentration is reduced from 20.9% to 15.2%, the mean fv decreases, and this effect is more significant at lower heights above the burner (e.g., ~75% reduction in the mean fv at a height of half a burner outer diameter). Soot is found to be distributed unevenly in the flame, appearing in sheet-like regions with irregular and complicated shapes. The soot sheet thickness is quantified to better understand soot-turbulence interactions. This soot dataset, along with other accompanying radiation and flow field measurements, provides a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of turbulent buoyant flame dynamics under normal and vitiated conditions, and can be used to develop and validate models for soot formation and radiative heat transfer in such flames.
Phytophthora pluvialis is the causal agent of red needle cast on Pinus radiata in New Zealand. It was first isolated in 2008 but had previously been recovered from tanoak (Notholithocarpus ...densiflorus) and Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees in Oregon, USA in 2002. Phytophthora pluvialis was subsequently described as a new species in 2013 and classified as a clade III Phytophthora species. The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of the genetic diversity, population structure and origin of this pathogen. A total of 360 P. pluvialis isolates were collected from the USA and New Zealand. The genome sequences of two P. pluvialis isolates were used to identify 27 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers that were then used to genotype the two populations. The genotypic data showed that the USA population of P. pluvialis had twice the genetic diversity and a greater number of multilocus genotypes (MLGs) compared to the New Zealand population, with 126 and 24 MLGs, respectively. The majority of the subpopulations within the USA and New Zealand showed linkage disequilibrium. All subpopulations had a negative fixation index, indicating that clonal reproduction is prevalent in both countries. A minimum spanning network (MSN) showed two unique clusters of isolates in the New Zealand population, suggesting two potential introductions of P. pluvialis into New Zealand from the USA. There was no significant structure within the New Zealand or USA populations. This study provides novel insight into the genetic structure of P. pluvialis in New Zealand and the USA.
The deadly second wave of COVID-19 brought an unprecedented rise of cases of associated invasive fungal infections. In this study we present two rare cases of systemic phaeohyphomycoses by Bipolaris ...species as a Post SARS-COV 2 sequelae, which may usually be neglected as contaminants.
Retrospective study of 1150 specimens received from patients with a high index of clinical suspicion of invasive fungal infections from April 2021 to June 2021 to identify cases of invasive phaehyphomycoses among post COVID patients. Diagnosis of phaeohyphomycoses was established on microbiological evidence including microscopy and culture, and radiological evidence along with supporting clinical features. The diagnosis of phaeohyphomycoses was confirmed when dark pigmented thin septate hyphae with or without spores were demonstrated in aseptically aspirated fluid or tissue specimen with pure culture isolate of velvety dark, brownish black flat colonies on Sabouraud dextrose agar at 25°C.
During the study period, two cases were confirmed as invasive phaeohyphomycoses caused by Bipolaris spicifera phenotypically. The first case was of invasive fungal sinusitis and second of invasive pulmonary phaeohyphomycoses. Overall incidence rate was 0.55% (2/364). Both cases were post COVID, with history of COVID 2-3 weeks before current presentation and hospitalisation with oxygen support for the same, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (HbA1C: 11 & 8 respectively), and hypothyroidism. First case was initially treated as of mucormycosis, considering her clinical presentation and high index of suspicion with several similar cases reported in our area. He was managed with Amphotericin B along with surgical debridement. Second case was suspected as case of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and was managed with voriconazole initially and later started on itraconazole after laboratory confirmation. Due to initial false diagnosis in our cases, patients were subjected to long course of amphotericin B and voriconazole respectively, whereas it could have been managed with itraconazole which has far lesser side effects.
High index of suspicion is required to confirm invasive phaeohyphomycoses as dematiaceous fungi are often contaminants or commensals. Correct and timely diagnosis is necessary for adequate management of invasive phaeohyphomycoses cases.
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