The continuing downscaling of integrated circuits makes modern devices more susceptible to soft errors. This paper investigates the possibility of using four-state logic (FSL) to improve the fault ...tolerance of digital circuits. FSL is a possible implementation of asynchronous quasi delay insensitive (QDI) logic using a more efficient encoding and handshake protocol. The behavior of FSL circuits when subjected to transient faults is analyzed. We present a method based on duplication and rail cross-coupling that allows to detect as well as correct soft errors autonomously. The concept is demonstrated by fault injection experiments.
The trend towards higher integration and faster operating speed leads to decreasing feature sizes and lower supply voltages in modern integrated circuits. These properties make the circuits more ...error-prone, requiring a fault tolerant implementation for applications demanding high reliability, e.g. space missions. In previous work we presented a concept how to obtain fault tolerant digital circuits by using asynchronous four-state logic (FSL). This type of logic already exhibits a high degree of fault tolerance where most faults simply halt the circuit (deadlock). The remaining types of faults are handled by temporal redundancy. Adding a deadlock detection unit and introducing the concept of self-healing cells (SHCs) leads to a highly reliable circuit that is able to tolerate even multiple faults. However our experiments revealed that some specific fault constellations neither cause a deadlock nor are they detected by a redundant calculation. We present two improved ways of error detection, which allow to capture even these types of faults. Further, a comparison between the size of an SHC and the achieved fault tolerance wrt. multiple faults is performed.
Decreasing feature size and lower supply voltage cause integrated circuits to be more error-prone, during production as well as during runtime. At the same time the demand for higher reliability is ...increasing. In particular for applications with long mission times and where no repair is possible, complex fault tolerance mechanisms are required, leading to a dramatic increase of design and system costs. Runtime reconfiguration seems to be a promising way to obtain a circuit which is able to handle these challenges. In previous papers we presented a self-healing approach based on asynchronous Four-State Logic (FSL) and using reconfigurable circuit elements, called Self-Healing Cells (SHCs). These SHCs allow to bypass defect resources and to recover from multiple permanent faults. While the combinational logic can be easily reconfigured this way, the application of SHCs in an asynchronous pipeline requires special treatment of the handshake signals. In this paper we present a self-healing pipeline architecture and analyse different SHC architectures with respect to resource occupation, fault tolerance and reconfiguration speed.
This paper presents a self-healing, asynchronous implementation of a small part of the hardware pre-processing to be used in the video processing unit of GAIA, a scientific mission of the European ...Space Agency (ESA). With the applied concept the circuit is able to detect permanent faults during runtime and to recover from them by an autonomous reconfiguration. The work describes how to transform a standard FSL circuit into a self-healing FSL design and presents first results of hardware experiments.
This paper presents a self-healing, asynchronous implementation of a small part of the hardware pre-processing to be used in the video processing unit of GAIA, a scientific mission of the European ...Space Agency (ESA). The approach uses Self-Healing Cells (SHCs) to achieve a circuit that is able to not only detect permanent faults during runtime but also to recover from them by an autonomous reconfiguration. The design is based on asynchronous Four-State-Logic (FSL), which follows a quasi delay-insensitive approach. The work presents reliability estimations and comparisons to non-fault tolerant FSL as well as first experiences from hardware experiments.
Fragestellung:
Aromatasehemmer sind der Standard der endokrinen Therapie des Hormonrezeptor positiven, postmenopausalen Mammakarzinoms. Vor kurzem konnte gezeigt werden, dass der BMI signifikant die ...Effektivität von Anastrozol bei Brustkrebspatientinnen beeinflusst. In dieser prospektiven Studie haben wir untersucht, ob unterschiedliche Veränderungen der Serumhormonspiegel von normalgewichtigen und übergewichtigen Patientinnen während der endokrinen Therapie mit einem Aromatasehemmer ursächlich für diesen Einfluss des BMI sind.
Methode:
54 postmenopausale Hormonrezeptor positive Brustkrebspatientinnen wurden in diese prospektive Studie eingeschlossen. BMI sowie Serumhormonspiegel (FSH, LH, Östradiol, Insulin, und SHBG) wurden unmittelbar vor Beginn der Therapie mit einem Aromatasehemmer sowie 3 Monate später gemessen. Ebenso wurde ein Fragebogen bezüglich spezifischer Nebenwirkungen vor und nach 3 Monaten Therapie ausgefüllt.
Ergebnisse:
10 normalgewichtige und 44 übergewichtige Brustkrebspatientinnen mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 67 Jahren wurden eingeschlossen. Die Serum-Östradiolspiegel waren überwiegend unter der Nachweisgrenze sowohl vor als auch nach 3 monatiger Therapie mit dem Aromatasehemmer. Somit wurden LH und FSH als hochsensitive Surrogatparameter für die Serum-Östradiol Spiegel herangezogen. Übergewichtige Patientinnen hatten signifikant niedrigere LH und FSH Spiegel als normalgewichtige Patientinnen sowohl vor Beginn der Therapie (p=0,029 und p=0,012) als auch nach 3 monatiger Therapie mit dem Aromatasehemmer (p=0,032 und p=0,007). LH und FSH Spiegel stiegen nach 3 monatiger Therapie mit dem Aromatasehemmer bei normalgewichtigen aber nicht bei übergewichtigen Patientinnen an.
Es konnte kein Unterschied im Hinblick auf Nebenwirkungen zwischen normalgewichtigen und übergewichtigen Patientinnen festgestellt werden.
Schlussfolgerung:
Unterschiedliche Veränderungen der Serumhormonspiegel während der endokrinen Therapie mit Aromatasehemmern scheinen für den klinischen Einfluss des BMI auf die Effektivität der Aromatasehemmer verantwortlich zu sein.
To achieve fault tolerance several tasks have to be performed, from fault detection up to recovery procedures. Sophisticated methods for each sub-task were and are still developed, but rarely a ...complete solution is proposed on circuit level. This paper fills the gap by proposing a concept that combines all required steps to implement fault tolerant digital circuits. The approach is based on asynchronous Four-State Logic (FSL) logic, which belongs to the family of Quasi Delay Insensitive (QDI) circuits. Contrary to conventional approaches, using synchronous logic plus additional hardware and/or software to achieve fault tolerance, we use the inherent properties of FSL for fault detection, fault localization and fault recovery. Only deadlock detection and error mitigation require an enhancement of the conventional FSL (four state logic) design. For this purpose, a monitoring unit has to be added and self-healing cells were developed that can be handled as conventional logic within the design flow. The feasibility of the approach is verified by a first prototype implementation of a fault tolerant adder circuit.
Vodeći brigu o sebi želimo razumjeti svoje vlastite potrebe s ciljem da održavamo svoje fizičko i psihičko zdravlje. O tome jesu li vjera i duhovnost izvori (mentalnog) zdravlja i osobne dobrobiti ...ili prije rizik, vode se krajnje kontroverzne rasprave. Spor nastaje između iskustava pojedinaca s jedne strane i ideoloških rovovskih ratova s druge. Ovaj rad postavlja raspravu na „objektivnu“ osnovu predstavljajući zaključke utemeljene na dokazima iz različitih studija. Iz toga se vidi da se ponovno otkrivaju iscjeljujuće moći vjere i duhovnosti. Ipak, neophodna je savjesnost i potrebni su određeni kriteriji kako bi vjera mogla razviti svoju iscjeljujuću moć. Dakle, studije utemeljene na dokazima pokazuju: religioznost u različitim slučajevima i psihičkim situacijama nije ista! Moramo otkriti kada, gdje i zašto religioznost ima konstruktivan ili destruktivan učinak.
Self-care wants to perceive one's own needs and aims to maintain one's own physical and mental health. Whether religion and spirituality are sources of (mental) health and personal well-being or rather a risk, is highly controversially discussed. On the one hand individual experiences and on the other ideological trench warfare, shape the dispute. This paper sets the discussion on an “objective” basis by presenting evidence-based conclusions from various studies. So the rediscovery of the healing power of religion and spirituality becomes visible. Nevertheless, mindfulness is necessary and certain criteria are required so that religion can develop its healing power. But the evidence-based studies make visible: religiousness in different cases and psychical situations is not the same! We have to find out when, where and why religiousness has a constructive or destructive effect.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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