Mental toughness (MT) is an umbrella term that entails positive psychological resources, which are crucial across a wide range of achievement contexts and in the domain of mental health. We ...systematically review empirical studies that explored the associations between the concept of MT and individual differences in learning, educational and work performance, psychological well-being, personality, and other psychological attributes. Studies that explored the genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in MT are also reviewed. The findings suggest that MT is associated with various positive psychological traits, more efficient coping strategies and positive outcomes in education and mental health. Approximately 50% of the variation in MT can be accounted for by genetic factors. Furthermore, the associations between MT and psychological traits can be explained mainly by either common genetic or non-shared environmental factors. Taken together, our findings suggest a 'mental toughness advantage' with possible implications for developing interventions to facilitate achievement in a variety of settings.
Narcissism is a part of the Dark Triad that consists also of the traits of Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Two main types of narcissism exist: grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Being a Dark ...Triad trait, narcissism is typically associated with negative outcomes. However, recent research suggests that at least the grandiose type may be linked (directly or indirectly) to positive outcomes including lower levels of psychopathology, higher school grades in adolescents, deeper and more strategic learning in university students and higher cognitive performance in experimental settings. The current pre-registered, quasi-experimental study implemented eye-tracking to assess whether grandiose narcissism indirectly predicts cognitive performance through wider distribution of attention on the Raven's Progressive Matrices task. Fifty-four adults completed measures of the Dark Triad, self-esteem and psychopathology. Eight months to one year later, participants completed the Raven's, while their eye-movements were monitored during high stress conditions. When controlling for previous levels of psychopathology, grandiose narcissism predicted higher Raven's scores indirectly, through increased variability in the number of fixations across trials. These findings suggest that grandiose narcissism predicts higher cognitive performance, at least in experimental settings, and call for further research to understand the implications of this seemingly dark trait for performance across various settings.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Acute cellular rejection (ACR) is the adverse response of the recipient's immune system against the allogeneic graft. Using human surveillance endomyocardial biopsies (EMBs) manifesting ACR and ...murine allogeneic grafts, we profiled implicated microRNAs (miRs) and mRNAs. MiR profiling showed that miR‐21, ‐142‐3p, ‐142‐5p, ‐146a, ‐146b, ‐155, ‐222, ‐223, and ‐494 increased during ACR in humans and mice, whereas miR‐149‐5p decreased. mRNA profiling revealed 70 common differentially regulated transcripts, all involved in immune signaling and immune‐related diseases. Interestingly, 33 of 70 transcripts function downstream of IL‐6 and its transcription factor spleen focus forming virus proviral integration oncogene (SPI1), an established target of miR‐155, the most upregulated miR in human EMBs manifesting rejection. In a mouse model of cardiac transplantation, miR‐155 absence and pharmacological inhibition attenuated ACR, demonstrating the causal involvement and therapeutic potential of miRs. Finally, we corroborated our miR signature in acute cellular renal allograft rejection, suggesting a nonorgan specific signature of acute rejection. We concluded that miR and mRNA profiling in human and murine ACR revealed the shared significant dysregulation of immune genes. Inflammatory miRs, for example miR‐155, and transcripts, in particular those related to the IL‐6 pathway, are promising therapeutic targets to prevent acute allograft rejection.
The authors identify common mRNA pathways and microRNAs differentially expressed during acute cardiac allograft rejection in mice and humans, and subsequently show that targeting the proinfl ammatory microRNA–155 attenuates inflammation and prolongs graft survival. See also Starling et al on page 121.
The cluster mass function and the σ8 tension Papageorgiou, A; Plionis, M; Basilakos, S ...
Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
01/2024, Letnik:
527, Številka:
3
Journal Article
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ABSTRACT
We use a large set of halo mass function (HMF) models in order to investigate their ability to represent the observational cluster mass function (CMF), derived from the $\tt {GalWCat19}$ ...cluster catalogue, within the Lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM) cosmology. We apply the χ2 minimization procedure to constrain the free parameters of the models, namely Ωm and σ8. We find that all HMF models fit well the observational CMF, while the Bocquet et al. model provides the best fit, with the lowest χ2 value. Utilizing the index of inconsistency (IOI) measure, we further test the possible inconsistency of the models with respect to a variety of Planck 2018 ΛCDM cosmologies, resulting from the combination of different probes (CMB–BAO or CMB–DES). We find that the HMF models that fitted well the observed CMF provide consistent cosmological parameters with those of the Planck CMB analysis, except for the Press and Schechter, Yahagi et al., and Despali et al. models that return large IOI values. The inverse $\chi _{\rm min}^2$-weighted average values of Ωm and σ8, overall 23 theoretical HMF models are ${\bar{\Omega }_{m,0}}=0.313\pm 0.022$ and ${\bar{\sigma }_8}=0.798\pm 0.040$, which are clearly consistent with the results of Planck–CMB, providing S8 = σ8(Ωm/0.3)1/2 = 0.815 ± 0.05. Within the ΛCDM paradigm and independently of the selected HMF model in the analysis, we find that the current CMF shows no σ8 tension with the corresponding Planck–CMB results.
The occurrence and fate of carbonyl compounds as ozonation by-products at a full scale drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) were studied for one year. Raw water and samples after the main treatment ...processes (pre-ozonation, coagulation/flocculation, sand filtration, main ozonation, filtration through granular activated carbon and chlorination) were collected on a monthly basis. Pre-ozonation led to the formation of carbonyl compounds at concentrations of 67.3±43.3μg/l as sum of 14 carbonyl compounds whereas lower concentrations were determined after the main ozonation process, 32.8±22.3μg/l. The dominant compounds were formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glyoxal and methyl glyoxal contributing to 65% of total carbonyl content. The DOC reactivity in formation of carbonyl compounds varied through the year exhibiting the higher values in spring. Coagulation/flocculation and sand filtration significantly removed (64–80%) the carbonyl compounds formed at the pre-ozonation step. The removal efficiency of filtration through granular activated carbon showed great variation ranging from 15 to 62%. Finally, the concentrations of carbonyl compounds in finished water were low, close to detection limits, revealing the efficiency of DWTP in the removal of this class of ozonation by-products.
•Fate of ozonation by-products at DWTP•For, Ace Gly and MGly are the dominant compounds.•The post-ozonation filtration processes effectively remove ozonation DBPs.•Seasonal changes in DOC reactivity
Concerns toward public well-being and mental health are increasing considering the COVID-19 pandemic's global societal and individual impact. The present study builds on the current body of COVID-19 ...literature by examining the role of mental toughness (MT) in predicting negative affective states (depression, anxiety and stress) during the pandemic. The study also examined the effects of changes in employment on mental health and MT. Participants (
= 723) completed a battery of questionnaires including the
, and the
. Participants reported relatively higher levels of depression, stress and anxiety in comparison to pre-COVID-19 samples from previous research, with respondents who had lost their jobs during the pandemic reporting higher levels of negative affective states. Despite this, mentally tough individuals appeared to report lower levels of depression, anxiety and stress. Moreover, moderation analyses identified some interaction between MT and employment status when predicting depression, anxiety and stress. Our findings suggest that MT may have some utility in reducing the adverse mental health effects of the pandemic on individuals, however, further longitudinal research is needed to support these implications.
Concentration and optical characteristics of dissolved organic matter were studied in rainwater in the urban/coastal city of Thessaloniki, Northern Greece for 2-yr sampling period (2014–2016). The ...concentration of DOC ranged from 0.33–24.5mg/L with higher values measured in spring-summer period. Higher aromaticity and fluorescence intensity was observed in winter. Chromophoric organic matter represents a significant fraction of DOC that is highly correlated with fluorescence during cold period. Three factor spectral profiles of fluorescence were elucidated, with peaks at protein-like and humic-like area at different intensities. Fluorophores at shorter wavelengths are more susceptible to changes. DOC showed negative relationship with precipitation height, particularly during autumn and spring suggesting washout effect. NMR spectra showed the dominance of aliphatic protons in rainwater. Levoglucosan, sucrose and arabitol were determined in rainwater at concentrations <0.07–2.2μg/L, <0.03–5.1μg/L and <0.03–2.1μg/L, respectively showing impact of biomass combustion and biogenic emissions.
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•DOC in rainwater showed higher concentrations in spring-summer.•Higher aromaticity and fluorescence of DOC was observed in winter.•Protein- and humic-like groups at different relative intensities contribute to fluorescence.•Levoglucosan as tracer of biomass burning was determined in rainwater.•Biomass burning and biogenic aerosols are possible sources of DOC.
Individual differences in fixation duration are considered a reliable measure of attentional control in adults. However, the degree to which individual differences in fixation duration in infancy ...(0–12 months) relate to temperament and behavior in childhood is largely unknown. In the present study, data were examined from 120 infants (mean age = 7.69 months, SD = 1.90) who previously participated in an eye-tracking study. At follow-up, parents completed age-appropriate questionnaires about their child's temperament and behavior (mean age of children = 41.59 months, SD = 9.83). Mean fixation duration in infancy was positively associated with effortful control (β = 0.20, R2 = .02, p = .04) and negatively with surgency (β = –0.37, R2 = .07, p = .003) and hyperactivity-inattention (β = –0.35, R2 = .06, p = .005) in childhood. These findings suggest that individual differences in mean fixation duration in infancy are linked to attentional and behavioral control in childhood.
Using Herschel data from the deepest SPIRE and PACS surveys (HerMES and PEP) in COSMOS, GOODS-S and GOODS-N, we examine the dust properties of infrared (IR)-luminous (L
IR > 1010 L) galaxies at 0.1 < ...z < 2 and determine how these evolve with cosmic time. The unique angle of this work is the rigorous analysis of survey selection effects, making this the first study of the star-formation-dominated, IR-luminous population within a framework almost entirely free of selection biases. We find that IR-luminous galaxies have spectral energy distributions (SEDs) with broad far-IR peaks characterized by cool/extended dust emission and average dust temperatures in the 25-45 K range. Hot (T > 45 K) SEDs and cold (T < 25 K), cirrus-dominated SEDs are rare, with most sources being within the range occupied by warm starbursts such as M82 and cool spirals such as M51. We observe a luminosity-temperature (L-T) relation, where the average dust temperature of log L
IR/L ∼ 12.5 galaxies is about 10 K higher than that of their log L
IR/L ∼ 10.5 counterparts. However, although the increased dust heating in more luminous systems is the driving factor behind the L-T relation, the increase in dust mass and/or starburst size with luminosity plays a dominant role in shaping it. Our results show that the dust conditions in IR-luminous sources evolve with cosmic time: at high redshift, dust temperatures are on average up to 10 K lower than what is measured locally (z 0.1). This is manifested as a flattening of the L-T relation, suggesting that (ultra)luminous infrared galaxies (U)LIRGs in the early Universe are typically characterized by a more extended dust distribution and/or higher dust masses than local equivalent sources. Interestingly, the evolution in dust temperature is luminosity dependent, with the fraction of LIRGs with T < 35 K showing a two-fold increase from z ∼ 0 to z ∼ 2, whereas that of ULIRGs with T < 35 K shows a six-fold increase. Our results suggest a greater diversity in the IR-luminous population at high redshift, particularly for ULIRGs.
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