We explore the phenological response by Danish hoverflies (Syrphidae) to continually rising annual temperatures by analysing >50.000 natural history collection and citizen science records for 37 ...species collected between 1900 and 2018, a period during which the annual average temperature in Denmark rose significantly (p << 0.01). We perform a simple linear regression analysis of the 10th percentile observation date for each species against year of observation. Fourteen of the species showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) negative correlation between 10th percentile date and year of observation, indicating earlier emergence as a likely response to climatic warming. Eighteen species showed a non-significant (p ≥ 0.05) negative correlation between 10th percentile date and year of observation, while four species showed a non-significant (p ≥ 0.05) positive correlation, and one showed neither a positive nor a negative correlation. We explore the possible impact of the length of the data series on the regression analysis by dividing the species into four groups depending on how far back in time we have data: ultra-short series (with data from 2003-2018); short series (data from 1998-2018); medium series (data from 1980-2018); long series (data from 2018 to before 1980). The length of the series seems to have an effect on the results as 60% of the long series species (nine out of 15) showed a statistically significant negative correlation, while for the shorter series species less than 35% showed a statistically significant negative correlation. When we reduced the long series in length to short series, the proportion of statistically significant negative correlations fell to 33%, confirming this assumption. We conclude that northern temperate hoverflies generally react to the ongoing climatic warming by emerging earlier.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Authigenic carbonate deposits have been sampled with the remotely operated vehicle ‘MARUM-QUEST 4000m’ from five methane seeps between 731 and 1823m water depth along the convergent Makran ...continental margin, offshore Pakistan (northern Arabian Sea). Two seeps on the upper slope are located within the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ; ca. 100 to 1100m water depth), the other sites are situated in oxygenated water below the OMZ (below 1100m water depth). The carbonate deposits vary with regard to their spatial extent, sedimentary fabrics, and associated seep fauna: Within the OMZ, carbonates are spatially restricted and associated with microbial mats, whereas in the oxygenated zone below the OMZ extensive carbonate crusts are exposed on the seafloor with abundant metazoans (bathymodiolin mussels, tube worms, galatheid crabs). Aragonite and Mg-calcite are the dominant carbonate minerals, forming common early diagenetic microcrystalline cement and clotted to radial-fibrous cement. The δ18Ocarbonate values range from 1.3 to 4.2‰ V-PDB, indicating carbonate precipitation at ambient bottom-water temperature in shallow sediment depth. Extremely low δ13Ccarbonate values (as low −54.6‰ V-PDB) point to anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) as trigger for carbonate precipitation, with biogenic methane as dominant carbon source. Prevalence of biogenic methane in the seepage gas is corroborated by δ13Cmethane values ranging from −70.3 to −66.7‰ V-PDB, and also by back-calculations considering δ13Cmethane values of carbonate and incorporated lipid biomarkers. These calculations (Δδ13Cmethane–carbonate, Δδ13CANME–methane, Δδ13CMOX–methane) prove to be useful to assess the carbon stable isotope composition of seeping methane if this has not been determined in the first place; such an approach represents a useful tool to reconstruct fluid composition of ancient seeps. AOM is also revealed by lipid biomarkers of anaerobic methane oxidizing archaea such as crocetane, pentamethylicosane (PMI), and sn2-hydroxyarchaeol strongly depleted in 13C (δ13C values as low as −127‰ V-PDB). Biomarkers of sulphate-reducing bacteria are also abundant, showing slightly less negative δ13C values, but still significantly 13C-depleted (average values as low as −101‰). Other bacterial biomarkers, such as bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs), hopanols, and hopanoic acids are detected in most carbonates, but are particularly common in seep carbonates from the non-OMZ sites. The BHP patterns of these carbonates and their low δ13C values resemble patterns of aerobic methanotrophic bacteria. In the shallower OMZ sites, BHPs revealed much lower contents and varying compositions, most likely reflecting other sources than aerobic methanotrophic bacteria. 230Th/U carbonate ages indicate that AOM-induced carbonate precipitation at the deeper non-OMZ seeps occurred mainly during the late Pleistocene–Holocene transition, i.e. between 19 and 15ka before present, when the global sea level was lower than today.
•Seep carbonates were sampled across an oxygen minimum zone (OMZ).•Sedimentary fabrics of seep carbonates vary across the OMZ.•Lipid biomarkers indicate AOM induced carbonate formation.•Carbonates were formed mainly between 19 and 15ka BP.•Biomarkers of aerobic methanotrophs were preserved within carbonates.•Carbon partitioning between methane, carbonate, and organic molecules reveals methane source.
Stomach bot flies (Calyptratae: Oestridae, Gasterophilinae) are obligate endoparasitoids of Proboscidea (i.e. elephants), Rhinocerotidae (i.e. rhinos) and Equidae (i.e. horses and zebras, etc.), with ...their larvae developing in the digestive tract of hosts with very strong host specificity. They represent an extremely unusual diversity among dipteran, or even insect parasites in general, and therefore provide significant insights into the evolution of parasitism. The phylogeny of stomach bot flies was reconstructed based on extensive mitochondrial genomic data for Cobboldia, Gyrostigma and six of the eight known species of Gasterophilus. The phylogenetic tree, i.e. {Cobboldia, Gyrostigma, (Gasterophilus pecorum, (Gasterophilus intestinalis, (Gasterophilus haemorrhoidalis, Gasterophilus inermis)), (Gasterophilus nasalis, Gasterophilus nigricornis))}, provides a strong evolutionary reference to infer several biological patterns for the first time for this group: (i) host shifts of stomach bot flies from elephants to rhinoceroses and then from rhinoceroses to equids; (ii) dispersal with their hosts from the Afrotropical region into the Palaearctic and Oriental regions; (iii) oviposition site, originally on the host head, and egg production positively correlated with distance from the mouth; (iv) attachment of third‐instar larva originally in the stomach, with duodenal and large intestinal positions secondarily derived; and (v) guanine and cytosine enrichment of the mitogenome as an adaptation to larval life in the warm environment of the host digestive tract, combined with the need for a high evolutionary rate to cope with the fast evolution of their mammalian hosts.
The phylogeny of stomach bot flies (Oestridae: Gasterophilinae) is reconstructed based on mitogenomic data.
Host shifts and evolution of oviposition site and location of third‐instar larvae are reconstructed.
Mitogenomes of stomach bot flies have the highest guanine‐cytosine content of all calyptrate flies, which may be an adaptation to larval life in the mammalian body.
Blowflies are ubiquitous insects, often shiny and metallic, and the larvae of many species provide important ecosystem services (e.g., recycling carrion) and are used in forensics and debridement ...therapy. Yet, the taxon has repeatedly been recovered to be para- or polyphyletic, and the lack of a well-corroborated phylogeny has prevented a robust classification.
We here resolve the relationships between the different blowfly subclades by including all recognized subfamilies in a phylogenomic analysis using 2221 single-copy nuclear protein-coding genes of Diptera. Maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP), and coalescent-based phylogeny reconstructions all support the same relationships for the full data set. Based on this backbone phylogeny, blowflies are redefined as the most inclusive monophylum within the superfamily Oestroidea not containing Mesembrinellidae, Mystacinobiidae, Oestridae, Polleniidae, Sarcophagidae, Tachinidae, and Ulurumyiidae. The constituent subfamilies are re-classified as Ameniinae (including the Helicoboscinae, syn. nov.), Bengaliinae, Calliphorinae (including Aphyssurinae, syn. nov., Melanomyinae, syn. nov., and Toxotarsinae, syn. nov.), Chrysomyinae, Luciliinae, Phumosiinae, Rhiniinae stat. rev., and Rhinophorinae stat. rev. Metallic coloration in the adult is shown to be widespread but does not emerge as the most likely ground plan feature.
Our study provides the first phylogeny of oestroid calyptrates including all blowfly subfamilies. This allows settling a long-lasting controversy in Diptera by redefining blowflies as a well-supported monophylum, and blowfly classification is adjusted accordingly. The archetypical blowfly trait of carrion-feeding maggots most likely evolved twice, and the metallic color may not belong to the blowfly ground plan.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Modern advances in DNA sequencing hold the promise of facilitating descriptions of new organisms at ever finer precision but have come with challenges as the major Codes of bionomenclature contain ...poorly defined requirements for species and subspecies diagnoses (henceforth, species diagnoses), which is particularly problematic for DNA-based taxonomy. We, the commissioners of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, advocate a tightening of the definition of “species diagnosis” in future editions of Codes of bionomenclature, for example, through the introduction of requirements for specific information on the character states of differentiating traits in comparison with similar species. Such new provisions would enhance taxonomic standards and ensure that all diagnoses, including DNA-based ones, contain adequate taxonomic context. Our recommendations are intended to spur discussion among biologists, as broad community consensus is critical ahead of the implementation of new editions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and other Codes of bionomenclature.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Species of Gasterophilus Leach are obligate parasites in domestic and wild equids and responsible for cosmopolitan gasterophilosis. Although with only eight species known so far, they have received ...considerable attention because of their significant veterinary and economic importance. Surprisingly, we found that G. flavipes (Olivier) is a valid species based on morphological characters from male, female and the egg, after spending half a century as a synonym of G. haemorrhoidalis (Linnaeus). In the present study, G. flavipes, G. haemorrhoidalis and G. inermis (Brauer), which are the three closely related species possessing a remarkable mixture of shared morphological characters, are diagnosed and comparatively redescribed; the key to separate adults and eggs are provided, together with a series of high-resolution photographs from all the body parts. COI barcodes do not allow for a separation of G. flavipes, G. haemorrhoidalis and G. inermis, but showed a closer relationship between G. flavipes and G. haemorrhoidalis than the other two combinations, which is consistent with the morphological evidence. Geographically, G. flavipes seems to be common and widespread in the warmer parts of the Palaearctic region. Thus, the epidemiology of gasterophilosis where G. flavipes is known or supposed to occur calls for a more careful veterinarian re-assessment. A decline in the populations of Gasterophilus spp. has been noticed in Europe, but all seven Palaearctic species of Gasterophilus appear to maintain stable populations in Xinjiang (China), which may be explained by a higher biodiversity of equids and less use of anti-parasitic treatments in Xinjiang than in Europe. Our study shows that morphological characters still provide the solid backbone in classification of Gasterophilus at species-level, and updated diagnoses and a key is provided to distinguish G. flavipes, G. haemorrhoidalis and G. inermis, and to facilitate studies of epidemiology, phylogeny and host-parasite co-evolution.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life Wiegmann, Brian M; Trautwein, Michelle D; Winkler, Isaac S ...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS,
04/2011, Letnik:
108, Številka:
14
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Flies are one of four superradiations of insects (along with beetles, wasps, and moths) that account for the majority of animal life on Earth. Diptera includes species known for their ubiquity (Musca ...domestica house fly), their role as pests (Anopheles gambiae malaria mosquito), and their value as model organisms across the biological sciences (Drosophila melanogaster). A resolved phylogeny for flies provides a framework for genomic, developmental, and evolutionary studies by facilitating comparisons across model organisms, yet recent research has suggested that fly relationships have been obscured by multiple episodes of rapid diversification. We provide a phylogenomic estimate of fly relationships based on molecules and morphology from 149 of 157 families, including 30 kb from 14 nuclear loci and complete mitochondrial genomes combined with 371 morphological characters. Multiple analyses show support for traditional groups (Brachycera, Cyclorrhapha, and Schizophora) and corroborate contentious findings, such as the anomalous Deuterophlebiidae as the sister group to all remaining Diptera. Our findings reveal that the closest relatives of the Drosophilidae are highly modified parasites (including the wingless Braulidae) of bees and other insects. Furthermore, we use micro-RNAs to resolve a node with implications for the evolution of embryonic development in Diptera. We demonstrate that flies experienced three episodes of rapid radiation--lower Diptera (220 Ma), lower Brachycera (180 Ma), and Schizophora (65 Ma)--and a number of life history transitions to hematophagy, phytophagy, and parasitism in the history of fly evolution over 260 million y.
The schizophoran superfamily Ephydroidea (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) includes eight families, ranging from the well-known vinegar flies (Drosophilidae) and shore flies (Ephydridae), to several small, ...relatively unusual groups, the phylogenetic placement of which has been particularly challenging for systematists. An extraordinary diversity in life histories, feeding habits and morphology are a hallmark of fly biology, and the Ephydroidea are no exception. Extreme specialization can lead to "orphaned" taxa with no clear evidence for their phylogenetic position. To resolve relationships among a diverse sample of Ephydroidea, including the highly modified flies in the families Braulidae and Mormotomyiidae, we conducted phylogenomic sampling. Using exon capture from Anchored Hybrid Enrichment and transcriptomics to obtain 320 orthologous nuclear genes sampled for 32 species of Ephydroidea and 11 outgroups, we evaluate a new phylogenetic hypothesis for representatives of the superfamily. These data strongly support monophyly of Ephydroidea with Ephydridae as an early branching radiation and the placement of Mormotomyiidae as a family-level lineage sister to all remaining families. We confirm placement of Cryptochetidae as sister taxon to a large clade containing both Drosophilidae and Braulidae-the latter a family of honeybee ectoparasites. Our results reaffirm that sampling of both taxa and characters is critical in hyperdiverse clades and that these factors have a major influence on phylogenomic reconstruction of the history of the schizophoran fly radiation.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Phylogenetic relationships within the oestroid subclades Rhinophorinae (Calliphoridae) and Polleniidae were reconstructed for the first time, applying a Sanger sequencing approach using the two ...protein-coding nuclear markers CAD (carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase; 1794 bp) and MCS (molybdenum cofactor sulfurase; 2078 bp). Three genera of Polleniidae and nineteen genera of Rhinophorinae were analyzed together with a selection of taxa representing the major lineages of Oestroidea (non-rhinophorine Calliphoridae, Oestridae, Sarcophagidae, Tachinidae). The selected markers provide good resolution and moderate to strong support of the distal branches, but weak support for several deeper nodes. Polleniidae (cluster flies) emerge as monophyletic and their sister-group relationship to Tachinidae is confirmed.
Morinia
Robineau-Desvoidy as currently circumscribed emerges as paraphyletic with regard to
Melanodexia
Williston, and
Pollenia
Robineau-Desvoidy is the sister taxon of the
Morinia
–
Melanodexia
clade. We propose a classification with two subfamilies, Moriniinae Townsend (including
Morinia
,
Melanodexia
, and
Alvamaja
Rognes), and Polleniinae Brauer & Bergenstamm (including
Pollenia
,
Dexopollenia
Townsend, and
Xanthotryxus
Aldrich).
Anthracomyza
Malloch and
Nesodexia
Villeneuve are considered as Oestroidea
incertae sedis
pending further study. Rhinophorinae (woodlouse flies) emerge as monophyletic and sister to a clade composed of (Ameniinae + (Ameniinae + Phumosiinae)), and a tribal classification is proposed with the subfamily divided into Rhinophorini Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 and Phytonini Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (the
Stevenia
-group and the
Phyto
-group of authors, respectively).
Oxytachina
Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891,
stat. rev.
is resurrected to contain nine Afrotropical rhinophorine species currently assigned to genus
Rhinomorinia
Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891:
Oxytachina approximata
(Crosskey, 1977)
comb. nov.
,
O
.
atra
(Bischof, 1904)
comb. nov.
,
O
.
bisetosa
(Crosskey, 1977)
comb. nov.
,
O
.
capensis
(Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893)
comb. nov.
,
O
.
scutellata
(Crosskey, 1977)
comb. nov.
,
O
.
setitibia
(Crosskey, 1977)
comb. nov.
,
O
.
verticalis
(Crosskey, 1977)
comb. nov.
,
O
.
vittata
Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891, and
O
.
xanthocephala
(Bezzi, 1908)
comb. nov.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Rhinophoridae are a small family of calyptrate flies commonly known as “woodlouse flies” due to their unique parasitoid habit of developing inside their isopod hosts (Oniscidea). Beside this ...peculiarity, the adult stage lacks unique family autapomorphies, sometimes making their identification challenging. However, their larvae are highly apomorphic and peculiar due to their unusual locomotive behaviour of leach-like crawling or even somersaulting. Until recently, woodlouse flies were considered an Old World group, with a peak in species diversity in the Turano-Mediterranean area. However, recent discoveries of new taxa in the tropics suggest that this was due to inadequate sampling of the Southern Hemisphere faunas. Confirming this lack of knowledge, four new genera and five new species are described here from both the Old and New World tropics, including a remarkable species endemic to the Mascarene Islands. Recent phylogenetic studies are helping us to better understand rhinophorid boundaries, and the family circumscription is adjusted accordingly. During the last decade, several taxa have been either included or excluded, and others have been proposed as new to science, making the compilation of this world catalogue highly needed. A richly illustrated key to the world woodlouse fly genera is provided.
PDF
