Many applications, such as magnets and superconducting magnetic energy storage systems, are usually charged and discharged under a bias dc current, which may increase the ac loss. For their design, ...it is necessary to understand and predict the ac loss. This article analyzes the ac loss in magnet-like coils under dc bias contribution superimposed to the ac current. The analysis is based on a numerical model that takes the interaction between magnetization currents in all turns into account. The studied example is a stack of 32 pancake coils with 200 turns each made of thin tape, such as ReBCO-coated conductor. We present the current density, the instantaneous power loss, and loss per cycle. We have found that the loss increases with the dc bias current. The instantaneous power loss is the largest in the initial rise of the ac current. In the following cycles, the power loss is higher in the current increase than in the decrease. The loss per cycle is the largest at the end pancakes. In conclusion, the highest cooling power should be supplied to the top and bottom pancakes and during current rise, specially the initial one. The presented model has a high potential to predict the ac loss in magnet-size coils, useful for their design.
The p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK) are implicated in various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion. In cancer, RSKs modulate cell transformation, ...tumorigenesis, and metastasis. Indeed, changes in the expression of RSK isoforms have been reported in several malignancies, including breast, prostate, and lung cancers. Four RSK isoforms have been identified in humans on the basis of their high degree of sequence homology. Although this similarity suggests some functional redundancy between these proteins, an increasing body of evidence supports the existence of isoform-based specificity among RSKs in mediating particular cellular processes. This review briefly presents the similarities between RSK family members before focusing on the specific function of each of the isoforms and their involvement in cancer progression.
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate a methodology for the automatic mapping and spatial analysis of high spatial resolution (metric scale) closed depressions and mounds on Mars landscapes. The ...proposed automatic procedure requires only a digital elevation model, a sink-filling algorithm and a basic map algebra operation all of which are available in the most commonly used Geographical Information Systems. Six high spatial resolution (1 m to 2 m) digital elevation models obtained from images of the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) were selected as representatives of various Martian landscapes representing hypothesized aeolian, volcanic, hydrated, cratered, reticulate and sublimated terrains. This is not an exhaustive list of landscapes but it is representative of the variety of Martian landscapes. Metric spatial-scale closed depressions and mounds are commonly distributed in all the landscapes selected for this study and closed terrain depressions cover, on average, 25% of the Martian surface. Most closed depressions are small and shallow and have a complex shape. The area covered by mounds is more variable and is up to 36% in reticulate terrain and 43% in volcanic terrain. Again, most mounds are small, low and have complex shapes. For sublimated terrains the percentage covered by depressions, in the form of radiating araneiform channels, is equal to the percentage of mounds (material accumulated between the channels). Size distribution analysis reveals the fractal character of both closed depressions and mounds with the emergence of two main groups of landscapes. One group characterizes a detached geomorphology (aeolian and sublimated terrains), and the other group characterizes a connected geomorphology (volcanic, impact craters and reticulate terrain). The hydrated terrain is intermediate between the two main groups perhaps because of its plastic rheology. The proposed methodology is completely general and can be applied to any digital elevation model. The mapping and morphometric analysis of closed terrain depressions and mounds can assist planetary geologists in the mapping and interpretation of geological and geomorphological units and in the inference of geological processes.
•Metric-scale mapping of closed terrain depressions and mounds on Mars.•The methodology is illustrated using HiRISE data sets.•Six landscape terrains are considered and compared.•Aeolian, volcanic, hydrated, cratered, reticulate and sublimated landscapes.•A detached geomorphology versus a connected geomorphology has been identified.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) are RNA‐binding proteins associated with complex and diverse biological processes such as processing of heterogeneous nuclear RNAs (hnRNAs) into ...mature mRNAs, RNA splicing, transactivation of gene expression, and modulation of protein translation. hnRNPA1 is the most abundant and ubiquitously expressed member of this protein family and has been shown to be involved in multiple molecular events driving malignant transformation. In addition to selective mRNA splicing events promoting expression of specific protein variants, hnRNPA1 regulates the gene expression and translation of several key players associated with tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Here, we will summarize our current knowledge of the involvement of hnRNPA1 in cancer, including its roles in regulating cell proliferation, invasiveness, metabolism, adaptation to stress and immortalization. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1431. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1431
This article is categorized under:
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
Translation > Translation Mechanisms
RNA Export and Localization > Nuclear Export/Import
hnRNPA1 is involved in multiple biological processes within the cell nucleus and cytoplasm. Counter‐clockwise: hnRNPA1 regulates mRNA stability, the transcription of G‐quadruplex containing genes, the nuclear export and translational de‐repression of IRES‐containing mRNAs, mRNA splicing and telomere length maintenance.
Cancer cells reprogram their metabolism, altering both uptake and utilization of extracellular nutrients. We individually depleted amino acid nutrients from isogenic cells expressing commonly ...activated oncogenes to identify correspondences between nutrient supply and viability. In HME (human mammary epithelial) cells, deprivation of cystine led to increased cell death in cells expressing an activated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant. Cell death occurred via synchronous ferroptosis, with generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hydrogen peroxide promoted cell death, as both catalase and inhibition of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) blocked ferroptosis. Blockade of EGFR or mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling similarly protected cells from ferroptosis, whereas treatment of xenografts derived from EGFR mutant non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with a cystine-depleting enzyme inhibited tumor growth in mice. Collectively, our results identify a potentially exploitable sensitization of some EGFR/MAPK-driven tumors to ferroptosis following cystine depletion.
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•A nutrient depletion screen revealed a selective role for cystine in promoting viability•Cystine was shown to promote viability by preventing ferroptosis•Sensitivity to depletion of cystine was related to activation of MAPK•Depletion of cystine inhibited tumor growth in a NSCLC xenograft model
Poursaitidis et al. show that EGFR and BRAF mutant cells are sensitive to ferroptosis. Sensitivity was related to activation of MAPK signaling and the generation and release of hydrogen peroxide. To show that this sensitivity can be exploited therapeutically, growth of an EGFR mutant NSCLC xenograft was inhibited by a cyst(e)ine-degrading enzyme.
In superconductors, when the magnetic field has a parallel component to the current density J force-free effects appear due to flux cutting and crossing. This results in an anisotropic E(J) relation, ...with E being the electric field. Understanding force-free effects is interesting not only for the design of superconducting power and magnet applications but also for material characterization. This work develops and applies a fast and accurate computer modeling method based on a variational approach that can handle force-free anisotropic E(J) relations and perform fully three-dimensional (3D) calculations. We present a systematic study of force-free effects in rectangular thin films and prisms with several finite thicknesses under applied magnetic fields with arbitrary angle θ with the surface. The results are compared with the same situation with the isotropic E(J) relation. The thin film situation shows gradual critical current density penetration and a general increase of the magnitude of the magnetization with the angle θ but a minimum at the remnant state of the magnetization loop. The prism model presents current paths with 3D bending for all angles θ. The average current density over the thickness agrees very well with the thin film model except for the highest angles. The prism hysteresis loops reveal a peak after the remnant state, which is due to the parallel component of the self-magnetic-field and is implicitly neglected for thin films. The presented numerical method shows the capability to take force-free situations into account for general 3D situations with a high number of degrees of freedom. The results reveal new features of force-free effects in thin films and prisms.
Pistachio is one of the preferred nuts worldwide due to the health benefits associated to its consumption. It contains 50–62% of oil that can be extracted with different methods: organic solvents, ...supercritical fluids, and pressure systems. The most common extraction methods to obtain virgin pistachio oils are the pressure methods (screw press or hydraulic press). Although slight variations can be found in the oil depending on the system used, the pistachio oil is characterized by the richness in unsaturated fatty acids. It also contains a high proportion of sterols compared to other nut oils, and exhibits a high antioxidant capacity. It can be used in many ways as a gourmet ingredient in the food industry and also in the cosmetic industry.
Practical applications: Pistachio oil is a valuable product from the gastronomy point of view. Knowledge on the extraction process conditions may help to produce high quality oils with minimal losses in its nutritional value, and increase the organoleptic properties, maintaining the health benefits associated to its consumption.
Changes in the extraction process conditions may originate changes in the organoleptic characteristics of pistachio oil. Thus, the modification of the extraction conditions may lead to the elaboration of different products that fit the consumers’ preferences.
Changes in the extraction process conditions may originate changes in the organoleptic characteristics of pistachio oil. Thus, the modification of the extraction conditions may lead to the elaboration of different products that fit the consumers’ preferences.
We conducted a phase IIa, multi-centre, open label, single arm study (RADICAL; NCT01791985) of AZD4547 (a potent and selective inhibitor of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR)-1, 2 and 3 ...receptor tyrosine kinases) administered with anastrozole or letrozole in estrogen receptor positive metastatic breast cancer patients who had become resistant to aromatase inhibitors. After a safety run-in study to assess safety and tolerability, we recruited 52 patients. The primary endpoint was change in tumour size at 12 weeks, and secondary endpoints were to assess response at 6 weeks, 20 weeks and every 8 weeks thereafter and tolerability of the combined treatment. Two partial responses (PR) and 19 stable disease (SD) patients were observed at the 12-week time point. At 28 weeks, according to centrally reviewed Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) criteria, five PR and 8 SD patients were observed in 50 assessable cases. Overall, objective response rate (5 PR) was of 10%, meeting the pre-specified endpoint. Fourteen patients discontinued due to adverse events. Eleven patients had retinal pigment epithelial detachments which was asymptomatic and reversible in all but one patient. Exploratory ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis was done on patients' samples: 6 differentially-expressed-genes could distinguish those who benefited from the addition of AZD4547.
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