Maintenance of neurogenesis in adult hippocampus is important for functions such as mood and memory. As exposure to unpredictable chronic stress (UCS) results in decreased hippocampal neurogenesis, ...enhanced depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, and memory dysfunction, it is believed that declined hippocampal neurogenesis mainly underlies the behavioral and cognitive abnormalities after UCS. However, the effects of predictable chronic mild stress (PCMS) such as the routine stress experienced in day-to-day life on functions such as mood, memory and hippocampal neurogenesis are unknown. Using FST and EPM tests on a prototype of adult rats, we demonstrate that PCMS (comprising 5 min of daily restraint stress for 28 days) decreases depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors for prolonged periods. Moreover, we illustrate that decreased depression and anxiety scores after PCMS are associated with ~1.8-fold increase in the production and growth of new neurons in the hippocampus. Additionally, we found that PCMS leads to enhanced memory function in WMT as well as NORT. Collectively, these findings reveal that PCMS is beneficial to adult brain function, which is exemplified by increased hippocampal neurogenesis and improved mood and cognitive function.
About 30 star-shaped resting traces of ophiuroids
Asteriacites lumbricalis
have been recorded and described herein from the Thaiat Member (early Jurassic - Bajocian) of Lathi Formation, Jaisalmer ...Basin, western India. This is the first report of
Asteriacites lumbricalis
traces from the Lathi Formation of the Jaisalmer basin. The studied material occurr as star-shaped traces with five long and slender arms/rays structured morphology in yellowish to pinkish brown fine-grained silty-sandstone. The traces of
A. lumbricalis
show both positive and negative epirelief preservations in Thaiat Member of Lathi Formation. Here the recorded
A. lumbricalis
traces are found in size ranges of 2 cm–5 cm (measured dimensions from arm tip to arm tip) indicating its larger forms. The presence of overlapped arms/rays printing traces of
A. lumbricalis
in Thaiat Member of Lathi Formation has shown horizontal movement of ophiuroids in searching for resting and hiding areas.
This study focuses on the establishment of geosites of stromatolites (traces or remains of a cynobacterial group of prokaryotic micro-organisms referred to as “Blue-Green Algae”) in the Late ...Ediacaran–Early Cambrian Bilara Group of the Marwar Supergroup, Rajasthan, Western India. Here, two ideally preserved stromatolite fossil sections have been recognized and proposed as geosites, viz., the Dhannapah Stromatolites Dolomite Section near Dhannapah Village in Nagaur District and the Gotan Stromatolites Limestone Section near Barna Village in Bilara Tehsil, Jodhpur District. In both sections, stromatolites show excellent preservation and bookish forms with variations of morphologies from circular to sub-circular, domal, cone-like, elliptical, and columnar forms with asymmetrical and symmetrical laminations. These geosites have enormous scientific significance (as direct evidence of Precambrian life) for academic (educational), cultural (geoheritage), and societal and commercial aspects (tourism) through geotourism. These proposed geosites may act as an Open Geological Field Museum in Western India.
The present study reports and discusses discoidal Ediacaran body fossils identified as
Hiemalora stellaris
from the Sonia Sandstone of Jodhpur Group, Marwar Supergroup, Western Rajasthan, India. ...These are preserved as positive relief on the yellowish-brown to pinkish-brown medium to fine-grained sandstone bedding surfaces in Sursagar area. Morphologically, these are circular to sub-circular, mostly flat-discoidal forms or discs surrounded by numerous radiating arms or appendages resembling tentacles.
Hiemalora
is reinterpreted and reconstructed as discoidal hold fast of benthic organism but not found the attached fronds or stem-like structures of the hold fasts in the present materials. The systematic palaeontology, palaeobiology, palaeoenvironment and age of the
Hiemalora
bearing Ediacaran Sonia Sandstone have been also discussed.
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are often accompanied by mild forms of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI). The prevalence rates of PEI in diabetic patients are unclear and variable ...depending on the testing modality and the studies published. The clinical consequences of PEI in diabetics are also not well defined.
We aimed to determine the prevalence of PEI in a diabetic cohort using the faecal elastase-1 (FE-1) assay as a screening test and to validate a patient-reported symptom-based scoring system, the (PEI-S) for diagnosing PEI within this patient population.
Two hundred and three diabetic patients attending diabetic and gastroenterology outpatients of a university hospital without previously known PEI were recruited for the study. Demographic parameters, PEI score (PEI-S), and glycated hemoglobin (HBA1c) were documented in standardized data sheets, and a stool sample was obtained. A FE-1 value < 200 μg/g and or a PEIS of > 0.6 was used as the screening cut-off for PEI.
One hundred sixty-six patients returned faecal samples. The prevalence of PEI, as measured by low FE-1, was 12%. Smoking was associated with an increased risk of developing PEI in this diabetic population. No other independent risk factors were identified. The PEI-S system did not differentiate between people with diabetes having a normal and low FE1.
12% of this mixed, real-life cohort of type 1 and 2 DM patients had undiagnosed PEI, as defined by an FE-1 score of less than 200 μg/g. While this may appear low, given the rising prevalence of type 2 DM worldwide, there is likely an unrecognized burden of PEI, which has long-term health consequences for those affected. The PEI-S, a symptom-scoring system for patients with PEI, did not perform well in this patient group.
Isolates of Listeria monocytogenes (n = 932) isolated in Sweden during 1958–2010 from human patients with invasive listeriosis were characterized by serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis ...(PFGE) (AscI). Of the 932 isolates, 183 different PFGE types were identified, of which 83 were each represented by only one isolate. In all, 483 serovar 1/2a isolates were distributed over 114 PFGE types; 90 serovar 1/2b isolates gave 32 PFGE types; 21 serovar 1/2c isolates gave nine PFGE types; three serovar 3b isolates gave one PFGE type; and, 335 serovar 4b isolates gave 31 PFGE types. During the 1980s in Sweden, several serovar 4b cases were associated with the consumption of European raw soft cheese. However, as cheese-production hygiene has improved, the number of 4b cases has decreased. Since 1996, serovar 1/2a has been the dominant L. monocytogenes serovar in human listeriosis in Sweden. Therefore, based on current serovars and PFGE types, an association between human cases of listeriosis and the consumption of vacuum-packed gravad and cold-smoked salmon is suggested.
Present study of vanadium mineralization in the Sonia sandstone of Jodhpur Group shows first hydrothermal activity in the Sonia sandstone of Marwar Supergroup. The Sonia sandstone served as a host ...for the mineralizing solutions. The vanadium mineralization occurred in sandstone- gritty sandstone-conglomerate along faults. Field relationship and petrological study suggests that mineralization is filled by epithermal solutions and provide a better understanding of the timing and nature of the alteration processes. Though the source of the vanadium is not well constrained, but is possibly from the partial melting of banded gneissic complex-II (Sirohi Group), the source (crustal) melt had assimilated material from the rocks of Sirohi Group in significant amount. Deposition of tuffs at top of Sonia Formation (Chhoti Khatu) and emplacement of last stage Malani dykes suggest that the last phase of Malani magmatism generated heat for the partial melting of banded gneissic complex-II (Sirohi Group). The occurrence of vanadium in sandstone—gritty sandstone—conglomerate from Sonia Formation of Marwar Supergroup has opened a new chapter to explore uranium which generally occurs after vanadium mineralization in conglomeratic sedimentation.
Fractures of the mandibular condyle lead to displacement of the condyle and loss of the height of the ramus. A retromandibular approach is the most commonly used for open reduction and internal ...fixation (ORIF) of such fractures. We aimed to compare the complications associated with a retromandibular transparotid approach with a retromandibular transmasseteric anterior parotid (TMAP) approach for their management. Thirty patients were randomly selected into two groups (15 in each): Group A comprised the retromandibular transparotid approach and Group B the retromandibular TMAP. The variables evaluated were: operating time, facial nerve injury, occurrence of Frey syndrome, and sialocoele at one week, four weeks, three months, and six months. The mean (SD) age in group A and B was 33.93 (17.97) years and 33.53 (16.15) years, respectively, and there were 28 men and two women. Mean (SD) exposure time in the transparotid approach was 26.93 (5.19) minutes and 25.4 (8.35) minutes in the TMAP approach. The incidence of facial nerve injury was 2/15 patients in the transparotid group and 3/15 in the TMAP group, all of which resolved within six months. The incidence of sialocoele was 2/15 in the transparotid group. The results did not show any significant difference in complications between the two approaches, but the retromandibular transparotid approach provided straight-line access in fractures of the condylar neck, with fewer incidences of nerve injury. The anterior parotid approach, on the other hand, provided easier access for fractures that were medially dislocated or of the condylar base but had an increased incidence of facial nerve injuries.
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