In this paper, for discrete groups G and K, we show that the bounded cohomology group of G x K is isomorphic to the cohomology group of the complex of the projective tensor prod- uct B*(G)□B*(K), ...where B*(G) and B*(K) are the complexes of bounded cochains with real coe_cients R of G and K, respectively.
In this paper, we define cup product on relative bounded cohomology, and study its basic properties. Then, by extending it to a more generalized formula, we prove that all cup products of bounded ...cohomology classes of an amalgamated free product G1 *A G2 are zero for every positive degree, assuming that free factors Gi are amenable and amalgamated subgroup A is normal in both of them. As its consequences, we show that all cup products of bounded cohomology classes of the groups ℤ * ℤ and ${\mathbb{Z}}_n\;{\ast}_{{\mathbb{Z}}_d}\;{\mathbb{Z}}_m$, where d is the greatest common divisor of n and m, are zero for every positive degree.
High-fat diets (HFDs) are known to cause obesity and are associated with breast cancer progression and metastasis. Because obesity is associated with breast cancer progression, it is important to ...determine whether dietary fat per se stimulates breast cancer progression in the absence of obesity. This study investigated whether an HFD increases breast cancer growth and metastasis, as well as mortality, in obesity-resistant BALB/c mice.
The 4-week-old, female BALB/c mice were fed HFD (60% kcal fat) or control diet (CD, 10% kcal fat) for 16 weeks. Subsequently, 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells were injected into the inguinal mammary fat pads of mice fed continuously on their respective diets. Cell-cycle progression, angiogenesis, and immune cells in tumor tissues, proteases and adhesion molecules in the lungs, and serum cytokine levels were analyzed with immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In vitro studies were also conducted to evaluate the effects of cytokines on 4T1 cell viability, migration, and adhesion.
Spleen and gonadal fat-pad weights, tumor weight, the number and volume of tumor nodules in the lung and liver, and tumor-associated mortality were increased in the HFD group, with only slight increases in energy intake and body weight. HF feeding increased macrophage infiltration into adipose tissues, the number of lipid vacuoles and the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)2, cyclin D1, cyclin A, Ki67, CD31, CD45, and CD68 in the tumor tissues, and elevated serum levels of complement fragment 5a (C5a), interleukin (IL)-16, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)-1, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, leptin, and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1. Protein levels of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator, ICAM-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 were increased, but plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels were decreased in the lungs of the HFD group. In vitro assays using 4T1 cells showed that sICAM-1 increased viability; TREM-1, TIMP-1, M-CSF, and sICAM-1 increased migration; and C5a, sICAM-1, IL-16, M-CSF, TIMP-1, and TREM-1 increased adhesion.
Dietary fat increases mammary tumor growth and metastasis, thereby increasing mortality in obesity-resistant mice.
To examine the effects of high-fat diet (HFD) containing lard on prostate cancer development and progression and its underlying mechanisms, transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate (TRAMP) and ...TRAMP-C2 allograft models, as well as in vitro culture models, were employed. In TRAMP mice, HFD feeding increased the incidence of poorly differentiated carcinoma and decreased that of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in the dorsolateral lobes of the prostate, which was accompanied by increased expression of proteins associated with proliferation and angiogenesis. HFD feeding also led to increased metastasis and decreased survival rate in TRAMP mice. In the allograft model, HFD increased solid tumor growth, the expression of proteins related to proliferation/angiogenesis, the number of lipid vacuoles in tumor tissues, and levels of several cytokines in serum and adipose tissue. In vitro results revealed that adipose tissue-conditioned media from HFD-fed mice stimulated the proliferation and migration of prostate cancer cells and angiogenesis compared to those from control-diet-fed mice. These results indicate that the increase of adipose tissue-derived soluble factors by HFD feeding plays a role in the growth and metastasis of prostate cancer via endocrine and paracrine mechanisms. These results provide evidence that a HFD containing lard increases prostate cancer development and progression, thereby reducing the survival rate.
In this paper, for discrete groups G and K, we show that the cohomology of the complex of projective tensor product B*(G)⨶B*(K) is isomorphic to the bounded cohomology Ĥ*(G × K) of G × K, which is ...the cohomology of B*(G × K) as topological vector spaces, where B*(G) is a complex of bounded cochains of G with real coefficients ℝ. In fact, we construct an isomorphism between these two cohomology groups that carries the canonical seminorm in Ĥ*(G × K) to the seminorm in the cohomology of B*(G)⨶B*(K).
In this paper, we form the basis of the abstract theory for constructing the $K{\ddot{u}}nneth$ spectral sequence for a complex of Banach spaces. As the category of Banach spaces is not abelian, ...several difficulties occur and hinder us from applying the usual method of homological algebra directly. The most notable facts are the image of a morphism of Banach spaces is not necessarily a Banach space, and also the closed summand of a Banach space need not be a topological direct summand. So, we consider some conditions and categorical terms that fit the category of Banach spaces to modify the familiar method of homological algebra.
Piceatannol (trans-3,4,3',5'-tetrahydroxystilbene) is a polyphenol that is found in grapes, red wine, Rheum undulatum, and the seeds of Euphorbia lagascae. It has been previously reported that ...piceatannol inhibits the proliferation of a variety of cancer cell types. In the present study, we assessed the effects of piceatannol on the growth of androgen-insensitive DU145 prostate cancer cells at concentrations of 1-10 micromol/L. Piceatannol reduced the viable numbers and increased the numbers of apoptotic DU145 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot analysis revealed that piceatannol increased the protein levels of cleaved caspase-8, -9, -7, and -3 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Piceatannol increased mitochondrial membrane permeability and cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytosol. Piceatannol induced an increase in the levels of truncated Bid, Bax, Bik, Bok, and Fas but caused a decrease in the levels of Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL. Caspase-8 and -9 inhibitors mitigated piceatannol-induced apoptosis. The caspase-8 inhibitor suppressed the piceatannol-induced cleavage of Bid, caspase-3, and PARP. These results indicate that piceatannol induces apoptosis via the activation of the death receptor and mitochondrial-dependent pathways in prostate cancer cells.
In this paper, for discrete groups \( G \) and \( K \), we show that the bounded cohomology group of \( G \times K \) is isomorphic to the cohomology group of the complex of the projective tensor ...product \( B^{\ast}(G) \widehat{\otimes} B^{\ast}(K) \), where \(B^{\ast}(G) \) and \( B^{\ast}(K) \) are the complexes of bounded cochains with real coefficients \( \mathbb{R} \) of \( G \) and \( K \), respectively. KCI Citation Count: 0
The rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process was employed to obtain crystalline LiCoO2 thin films. XRD analyses of the LiCoO2 thin film show increased crystallinity with an increase in the RTA time. The ...Auger electron spectroscopic analysis of the LiCoO2 film strongly suggests that the RTA process is more advantageous to obtain a stable inter layer between the substrate and the deposited film and between each deposited layer than the conventional annealing process. All-solid-state thin film cells composed of Li/lithium phosphorous oxynitride (Lipon)/LiCoO2 systems were fabricated using the LiCoO2 cathode treated with RTA. The optimum condition of RTA would be 900 s at 650 deg C. which exhibited a good rate capability for high power applications. Two cells were connected in parallel to obtain a higher discharge current, and they showed a specific capacity of 38.4 8mAh cm-2 mum-1 even at a 25C rate (current density: 7.96 mA cm-2).
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