Cancer cells express tumour-specific antigens derived via genetic and epigenetic alterations, which may be targeted by T-cell-mediated immune responses. However, cancer cells can avoid immune ...surveillance by suppressing immunity through activation of specific inhibitory signalling pathways, referred to as immune checkpoints. In recent years, the blockade of checkpoint molecules such as PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4, with monoclonal antibodies has enabled the development of breakthrough therapies in oncology, and four therapeutic antibodies targeting these checkpoint molecules have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of several types of cancer. Here, we report the crystal structures of checkpoint molecules in complex with the Fab fragments of therapeutic antibodies, including PD-1/pembrolizumab, PD-1/nivolumab, PD-L1/BMS-936559 and CTLA-4/tremelimumab. These complex structures elucidate the precise epitopes of the antibodies and the molecular mechanisms underlying checkpoint blockade, providing useful information for the improvement of monoclonal antibodies capable of attenuating checkpoint signalling for the treatment of cancer.
Microfiber fabrication via wet-spinning of lyotropic liquid crystals (LCs) with anisotropic nanomaterials has gained increased attention due to the microfibers’ excellent physical/chemical properties ...originating from the unidirectional alignment of anisotropic nanomaterials along the fiber axis with high packing density. For wet-spinning of the microfibers, however, preparing lyotropic LCs by achieving high colloidal stability of anisotropic nanomaterials, even at high concentrations, has been a critically unmet prerequisite, especially for recently emerging nanomaterials. Here, we propose a cationically charged polymeric stabilizer that can efficiently be adsorbed on the surface of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs), which provide steric hindrance in combination with Coulombic repulsion leading to high colloidal stability of BNNTs up to 22 wt %. The BNNT LCs prepared from the dispersions with various stabilizers were systematically compared using optical and rheological analysis to optimize the phase behavior and rheological properties for wet-spinning of the BNNT LCs. Systematic optical and mechanical characterizations of the BNNT microfibers with aligned BNNTs along the fiber axis revealed that properties of the microfibers, such as their tensile strength, packing density, and degree of BNNT alignment, were highly dependent on the quality of BNNT LCs directly related to the types of stabilizers.
Background: Although patients with tuberculous-destroyed lung (TDL) account for a significant proportion of those with chronic airflow obstruction, it is difficult to distinguish patients with airway ...obstruction due to TDL from patients with pure chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on initial presentation with dyspnea. We investigated clinical features differing between (i) patients with TDL and airway obstruction and (ii) those with COPD admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to dyspnea. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of patients with TDL who had a forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) of ＜70% on a pulmonary function test (PFT; best value closest to admission) and patients with COPD without a history of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) who were admitted to the ICU. Ultimately, 16 patients with TDL and 16 with COPD were compared, excluding patients with co-morbidities. Results: The mean ages of the patients with TDL and COPD were 63.7 and 71.2 years, respectively. Mean FVC% (50.4% vs. 71.9%; p＜0.01) and mean FEV1% (39.1% vs. 58.4%; p＜0.01) were significantly lower in the TDL group than in the COPD group. More frequent consolidation with TB (68.8% vs. 31.3%; p=0.03) and more tracheostomies (50.0% vs. 0.0%; p=0.02) were observed in the TDL than in the COPD group. Conclusion: Upon ICU admission, patients with TDL had TB pneumonia more frequently, more diminished PFT results, and more tracheostomies than patients with COPD.
AIM：To evaluate long-term clinical course of BuddChiari syndrome（BCS） and predictive factors associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma（HCC） and survival.METHODS：We analyzed 67 ...patients with BCS between June 1988 and May 2008.The diagnosis of BCS was confirmed by hepatic venous outflow obstruction shown on abdominal ultrasound sonography,computed tomography,magnetic resonance imaging,or venography.The median follow-up period was 103 ± 156 interquartile range（IQR） mo.RESULTS：The median age of the patients was 47 ± 16（IQR） years.At diagnosis,54 patients had cirrhosis,25（37.3%） Child-Pugh class A,23（34.3%） Child-Pugh class B,and six（9.0%） patients Child-Pugh class C.During the follow-up period,HCC was developed in 17 patients,and the annual incidence of HCC in patients with BCS was 2.8%.Patients in HCC group（n = 17） had higher hepatic venous pressure gradient（HVPG） than those in non-HCC group（n = 50）（21 ± 12 mmHg vs 14 ± 7 mmHg,P = 0.019）.The survival rate of BCS patients was 86.2% for 5 years,73.8% for 10 years,and 61.2% for 15 years.In patients with BCS and HCC,survival was 79% for 5 years,43.1% for 10 years,and 21.5% for 15 years.CONCLUSION：The incidence of HCC in patients with BCS was similar to that in patients with other etiologic cirrhosis in South Korea.The HVPG is expected to provide additional information for predicting HCC development in BCS patients.
본 연구는 부가 여과판의 재질로 구리와 니켈을 선정하여 각 물질에 따라 선량과 화질의 차이를 비교 평가하였다. 먼저, 선량에 대한 실험은 흡수선량 측정으로 란도 팬텀을 이용하여 구리 및 니켈의 부가 여과판을 None, 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.3 mm로 변화시켜 설치하고 120 kVp, 6.3 mAs의 조건으로 조사하였다. 두 번째로, 관전압 ...변화와 노출지수 변화에 따라 부가 여과판 두께별로 얻은 영상을 Image J 프로그램을 이용하여 SNR과 CNR값을 구하여 영상을 평가 하였다. 흡수선량 측정은 니켈이 구리보다 높게 나왔으며, 두께가 증가할수록 흡수선량은 감소하였다(p< 0.05). 관전압이 증가와 노출지수 변화에 대해서도 두 영상에서 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p >0.05). 결론적으로 본 연구는 부가 여과판에서 니켈은 기존의 구리에 비해 피폭선량을 감소하면서도 현재의 영상의 질을 유지할 수 있는 물질임을 알 수 있다.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference of dose and image quality according to the material of the additional filter plate by selecting copper and nickel. First, the absorbed dose was measured using a Rando phantom setting the additional filter plates of copper and nickel None, 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, and 0.3 mm under 120 kVp, and 6.3 mAs. Second, We acquired image according to filter thickness of copper and nickel. by changing the tube voltage of 90 kVp, 100 kVp, 110 kVp, 120 kVp and exposure indexes of 400, 800 and 1600. Third, we obtained the SNR and CNR values using the Image J program and evaluated quantitatively and then evaluated image quality. As a result, Absorbed dose measurements showed that nickel was higher than copper, and the absorbed dose decreased as the thickness increased(p< 0.05). Furthermore, Quantitative analysis of images showed no significant difference between the two images according to change the voltage and the exposure index(p >0.05). In conclusion, this study confirms that the nickel addition plate can maintain the current image quality while reducing the exposure dose compared to copper.
OBJECTIVE： To culturally translate the cardiff acne disability index（CADI） into Korean, and to examine its relationship with clinical acne severity,pathological patterns, and general quality of ...life（Qo L）.METHODS： The CADI was culturally and lin-guistically translated into Korean via translation,back-translation, and face validity test process. Two hundred and fifty-four Korean adolescents were asked to complete the Korean version of the CADI（K-CADI）, the Phlegm Pattern, the Cold-Heat Pattern, and the Korean version of the General Health Questionnaires. A clinician estimated acne severity for the adolescents, using the Korean Acne Grading System. Finally, reliability and validity of the K-CADI was examined, and the relationships between acne severity, Phlegm, Cold, and Heat patterns, and Qo L level were examined via pathway analysis.RESULTS： The K-CADI had satisfactory internal consistency（α = 0.827）. The examination of construct validity indicated that the K-CADI had one factor（explaining 59.6% of the total variance）. Pathway analysis showed satisfactory model fit（normal fit index = 0.960 and comparative fit index = 0.983）,and acne-related Qo L was determinant to Phlegm,Heat, and Cold patterns（0.13-0.27 of β）, and Phlegm and Heat patterns lowered one＇s Qo L level（0.17-0.34 of β）.CONCLUSION： The K-CADI is a valid and reliable instrument. Phlegm and Heat patterns should be managed when treating acne since they have a moderating effect on general Qo L aggravation.
A stream purification system was applied to the upper reaches of the Masan Reservoir to improve the water quality. This system consisted of two channels which were constructed on both sides of the ...stream, one side packed with crushed gravels and the other with plastic filter media. The system operated under low pollutant concentrations and high hydraulic loadings during a dry season to avoid clogging of the filter media. Removal rate and efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the channel packed with crushed gravel were $14.8g/m^3/d$ and 11.5%, and for the channel with plastic filter media, $50.1g/m^3/d$ and 13.5%, respectively. Removal efficiencies of total phosphorus (T-P) were 6.6% (gravel) and 10.0% (plastic media). These results indicated plastic filter media having relatively high specific surface areas were more efficient than crushed gravels in removing pollutants. However, due to low influent water quality during dry season, the removal efficiencies were low. The proportion of nitrate nitrogen to total nitrogen (T-N) of the inflow was high but, as the system operated under aerobic condition, nitrate nitrogen could not denitrified. Accordingly, total nitrogen was not attenuated with this system. To improve the reservoir water quality effectively, this system should be able to treat the storm runoff containing higher pollutant loadings. When the filter materials are clogged by the storm runoff instead of backwashing, it would be more efficient to replace them, Therefore, the use of natural materials which are light, easily obtaining and replaceable, and have high specific surface areas is recommended.
저수지 수질개선을 위한 인공식물섬 조성에 관한 연구 이광식; 장정렬; 김영경 ...
Hanguk hwangyeong nonghak hoeji,
1999, Letnik:
18, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Three floating islands have been constructed for water quality improvement for a polluted irrigation reservoir. Each floating island consists of 10 segments. Each segment hay an area of $16m^2$(4×4m) ...and is made of wood frames and floats(polystyrene foam). We planted three species of aquatic macrophytes(Typha angustifolia, Zizania latifolia, and Phragmites australis) in floating island on June, 1998. They grew very well without death. We would like to evaluate Phragmites australis is the most suitable aquatic macrophyte that could be planted in a floating island because it maintained the best balance of its root and shoot among them. During their grown period, net primary productivity of Typha angustifolia was $962gDM/m^2$, Zizania latifolia was $1,115gDM/m^2$, and Phragmites australis was $523gDM/m^2$. From these data, it would be estimated to 5.0Kg uptake of nitrogen by aquatic macrophytes and phosphorus 0.8Kg in 3 floating islands. The floating islands worked well as a habitat of fish and prawns. Many kinds of insect lived on the floating islands. The floating island has not only the function of water quality treatment but also several advantages: improvement of landscape and species diversity; low cost of maintenance; low technology; unnecessary of energy; less susceptible to variations in pollutant loading. It could be evaluated a good measure of water quality improvement for an irrigation reservoir. However, it should be intensively studied to develop more light, strong, durable and low-priced frames for efficient floating islands. 저수지의 수질개선을 위한 인공식물섬의 설치상 문제점, 수질개선의 가능성, 생태계의 변화, 유지관리, 향후 설치시 개선사항을 파악하기 위해 중규모 농업용 저수지에 인공식물섬을 설치 운영한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 포장에서 포트로 재배된 식물을 뿌리에 붙어 있는 토양과 함께 쥬트(마)포트에 넣어 식물매트에 심은 결과 고사된 식물이 없는 것으로 조사되어 포장에서 재배된 수생식물을 농업용 저수지에 식재할 경우 수생식물의 성장에는 지장이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 2. 천연소재인 쥬트포트와 식물매트는 물 속에서 상당 기간 체류하면서도 원래의 재질 상태를 유지하고 있는 것으로 조사되어 이들의 부식은 상당한 기간에 걸쳐 일어날 것으로 보여 이들이 저수지의 수질에 미치는 영향은 거의 없을 것으로 판단된다. 3. '98. 6월에 식재된 애기부들, 줄, 갈대의 인공식물섬에서 성장 기간동안 순생산량은 $962gDM/m^2$, $1,115gDM/m^2$, $523gDM/m^2$으로 계산되었으며, 식재 당시에 비해 각각 33, 44, 56배 성장하였다. 단위 면적당 순생산량은 줄이 가장 높으며, 생산량 속도는 갈대가 가장 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 인공식물섬에 식재된 식물의 성장속도, 지상부와 뿌리부의 균형 등을 고려할 때 갈대가 가장 유리한 것으로 나타났다. 4. 인공식물섬에 식재된 식물의 총 영양물질의 흡수율을 계산한 결과 질소 5.0kg/yr, 인 0.8kg/yr으로 나타났다. 지수지 수표면의 1/20을 인공식물섬으로 조성할 경우 영양물질 흡수량은 저수지 삭감부하량의 질소는 9%, 인은 34%를 처리할 수 있어 인공식물섬이 저수지 수질개선공법으로 가능성이 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 5. 인공식물섬이 설치된 부분과 설치되지 않는 부분의 수질을 분석한 결과 저수지에서 바람과 호류(湖流)의 영향으로 인공식물섬 설치에 따른 저수지 수질효과를 직접적으로 파악하기는 어려운 것으로 나타났으며, 이 부분은 수질예측모형을 이용하거나 같은 규모의 폐쇄된 연못을 여러 개 만들고 인공식물섬이 있는 경우와 없는 경우의 수질을 측정하여 분석하는 것이 합리적일 것으로 판단된다. 6. 인공식물섬의 아랫부분은 어류와 새우류의 서식처, 인공식물섬 매트위는 양서 파충류의 서식처 기능을 하며, 인공식물섬 위에는 많은 곤충류가 날아들고 있고, 식재된 식물 이외에 11종이 유입되어 인공식물섬은 생물의 종다양성에 크게 기여하는 것으로 나타났다. 7. 인공식물섬은 수질을 정화할 뿐만 아니라 경관과 종다양성의 증진, 유지관리의 용이, 고도의 기술과 에너지의 불필요, 부하변동에 대한 적응성이 좋은 것으로 나타나 저수지의 수질개선에 유용한 공법으로 평가되었다. 그러나 효율적인 인공식물섬이 되려면 가볍고 강하며, 내구성이 있고 비용이 적은 부체를 개발하는데 깊은 연구가 이루어져야 한다.
AIM:To evaluate the incidence and risk factors of Korean tuberculosis(TB) infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) undergoing anti-TNF treatment.METHODS:The data of IBD patients ...treated with anti-TNFs in 13 tertiary referral hospitals located in the southeastern region of Korea were collected retrospectively.They failed to show response or were intolerant to conventional treatments,including steroids or immunomodulators.Screening measures for latent TB infection(LTBI)and the incidence and risk factors ofactive TB infection after treatment with anti-TNFs were identified.RESULTS:Overall,376 IBD patients treated with antiTNF agents were recruited(male 255,mean age of anti-TNF therapy 32.5±13.0 years);277 had Crohn’s disease,99 had ulcerative colitis,294 used infliximab,and 82 used adalimumab.Before anti-TNF treatment,screening tests for LTBI including an interferon gamma release assay or a tuberculin skin test were performed in 82.2%of patients.Thirty patients(8%)had LTBI.Sixteen cases of active TB infection including one TB-related mortality occurred during 801 personyears(PY)follow-up(1997.4 cases per 100000 PY)after anti-TNF treatment.LTBI(OR=5.76,95%CI:1.57-21.20,P=0.008)and WBC count<5000 mm3(OR=4.5,95%CI:1.51-13.44,P=0.007)during follow-up were identified as independently associated risk factors.CONCLUSION:Anti-TNFs significantly increase the risk of TB infection in Korean patients with IBD.The considerable burden of TB and marked immunosuppression might be attributed to this risk.
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