We demonstrate a simple process to synthesize silicon-based multicomponents viaa high-temperature annealing of bulk silicon monoxide in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The carbon-coated Si-based ...anodes exhibit a highly stable cycling performance (capacity retention of 99.5% after 200 cycles) with a reversible charge capacity of 1280 mA h g super(-1).
Stretchable electronics are considered as next‐generation devices; however, to realize stretchable electronics, it is first necessary to develop a deformable energy device. Of the various components ...in energy devices, the fabrication of stretchable current collectors is crucial because they must be mechanically robust and have high electrical conductivity under deformation. In this study, the authors present a conductive polymer composite composed of Jabuticaba‐like hybrid carbon fillers containing carbon nanotubes and carbon black in a simple solution process. The hybrid carbon/polymer (HCP) composite is found to effectively retain its electrical conductivity, even when under high strain of ≈200%. To understand the behavior of conductive fillers in the polymer matrix when under mechanical strain, the authors investigate the microstructure of the composite using an in situ small‐angle X‐ray scattering analysis. The authors observe that the HCP produces efficient electrical pathways for filler interconnections upon stretching. The authors develop a stretchable aqueous rechargeable lithium‐ion battery (ARLB) that utilizes this HCP composite as a stretchable current collector. The ARLB exhibits excellent rate capability (≈90 mA h g−1 at a rate of 20 C) and outstanding capacity retention of 93% after 500 cycles. Moreover, the stretchable ARLB is able to efficiently deliver power even when under 100% strain.
Jabuticaba‐like carbon filler/polymer composite is demonstrated as a stretchable electrode with excellent mechanical durability under strain. The percolation behavior of conductive fillers is determined using in situ small angle X‐ray scattering. We have developed stretchable aqueous Li‐ion batteries with high performance (~90 mA h g−1 at a rate of 20 C and capacity retention of 80% at a strain of 100%).
This study aims to analyze the relationship between cognitive function and out-of-pocket cost of the state change of multiple chronic conditions in individuals aged 60 or older. Data from the 2014 to ...2018 Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging were used for 2202 older adults who were cognitively “normal” at the start of the survey. Four status change groups were established (“Good → Good,” “Good → Bad,” “Bad → Good,” and “Bad → Bad”) according to the change in the number of chronic diseases. Generalized estimating equation modeling analyzed the association between these changes and out-of-pocket medical cost. Out-of-pocket cost was significantly higher among older adults with multiple chronic conditions (p < 0.0001). Total out-of-pocket medical cost and out-of-pocket cost for outpatient care and prescription drugs were significantly higher for Bad→ Bad or Good → Bad changes. Older adults with cognitive decline had significantly higher total out-of-pocket medical cost and out-of-pocket cost for prescription drugs. This study demonstrates the need to improve the multiple chronic conditions management construction model to enhance the health of older adults in Korea and secure national health care finances long-term. It provides a foundation for related medical and medical expenses-related systems.
With the rapidly approaching implementation of wearable electronic devices such as implantable devices, stretchable sensors, and healthcare devices, stretchable power sources have aroused worldwide ...attention as a key component in this emerging field. Among stretchable power sources, batteries, which store electrical energy through redox reactions during charge/discharge processes, are an attractive candidate because of their high energy density, high output voltage, and long‐term stability. In recent years, extensive efforts have been devoted to developing new materials and innovative structural designs for stretchable batteries. This review covers the latest advances in stretchable batteries, focusing on advanced stretchable materials and their design strategies. First, we provide a detailed overview of the materials aspects of components in a stretchable battery, including electrode materials, solid‐state electrolytes, and stretchable separator membranes. Second, we provide an overview on various structural engineering strategies to impart stretchability to batteries (i. e., wavy/buckling structures, island‐bridge structures, and origami/kirigami structures). Third, we summarize recently reported developments in stretchable batteries based on various chemistries, including Li‐based batteries, multivalent‐based batteries, and metal‐air batteries. Finally, we discuss the future perspectives and remaining challenges toward the practical application of stretchable batteries with reliable mechanical robustness and stable electrochemical performance under a physical strain.
Go to the future! This review covers the latest advances in stretchable batteries, focusing on advanced materials and promising structural designs. The recent developments reported for state‐of‐the‐art stretchable batteries are summarized and the future perspectives and remaining challenges toward the practical application of stretchable batteries with reliable mechanical robustness and stable electrochemical performance under physical deformations are discussed.
Objective
To create a multidimensional tool to prognosticate long‐term functional, cognitive, and quality of life outcomes after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) using data up to 48 hours ...after admission.
Methods
Data were prospectively collected for 1,619 consecutive patients enrolled in the SAH outcome project July 1996 to March 2014. Linear models (LMs) were applied to identify factors associated with outcome in 1,526 patients with complete data. Twelve‐month functional, cognitive, and quality of life outcomes were measured using the modified Rankin scale (mRS), Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status, and Sickness Impact Profile. Based on the LM residuals, we constructed the FRESH score (Functional Recovery Expected after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage). Score performance, discrimination, and internal validity were tested using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), Nagelkerke and Cox/Snell R2, and bootstrapping. For external validation, we used a control population of SAH patients from the CONSCIOUS‐1 study (n = 413).
Results
The FRESH score was composed of Hunt & Hess and APACHE‐II physiologic scores on admission, age, and aneurysmal rebleed within 48 hours. Separate scores to prognosticate 1‐year cognition (FRESH‐cog) and quality of life (FRESH‐quol) were developed controlling for education and premorbid disability. Poor functional outcome (mRS = 4–6) for score levels 1 through 9 respectively was present in 3, 6, 12, 38, 61, 83, 92, 98, and 100% at 1‐year follow‐up. Performance of FRESH (AUC = 0.90), FRESH‐cog (AUC = 0.80), and FRESH‐quol (AUC = 0.78) was high. External validation of our cohort using mRS as endpoint showed satisfactory results (AUC = 0.77). To allow for convenient score calculation, we built a smartphone app available for free download.
Interpretation
FRESH is the first clinical tool to prognosticate long‐term outcome after spontaneous SAH in a multidimensional manner. Ann Neurol 2016;80:46–58
Herein, we develop a general synthetic route to obtain composites of porous carbon and electrochemically active metal particles such as Ge, In, Bi, and Sn. The thermolysis of a Zn-based metal–organic ...framework (MOF) produces hierarchically porous carbon (HPC) and metallic Zn at high temperatures, which can act as a reducing agent of metal oxides. In the reaction system of a Zn-based MOF with GeO2, in situ evolved Zn reduces GeO2, producing Ge and ZnO. Interestingly, ZnO is automatically reduced to Zn via a carbothermic reduction during the conversion process, which returns reducing agent to the reaction. Thus, the repeated occurrence of the zincothermic and carbothermic reduction reactions promotes a recyclable redox-metallothermic reaction. After complete reduction of GeO2, Zn metal is spontaneously vaporized to yield Ge/HPC composites. This facile method can be successfully extended to other metal oxides including In2O3, Bi2O3, and SnO. The as-synthesized Ge/HPC is tested as a rechargeable battery anode material, which exhibits a reversible capacity as high as ∼600 mA h g–1 after 300 cycles at a rate of 0.5 C and a low electrode volume expansion (less than 30%).
Nanostructured micrometer-sized Al-Si particles are synthesized via a facile selective etching process of Al-Si alloy powder. Subsequent thin Al2O3 layers are introduced on the Si foam surface via a ...selective thermal wet oxidation process of etched Al-Si particles. The resulting Si/Al2O3 foam anodes exhibit outstanding cycling stability (a capacity retention of 78% after 300 cycles at the C/5 rate) and excellent rate capability.
We propose a novel scheme of examining the host-guest-solvent interactions in solution from their gas phase structures. By adopting the permethylated β-cyclodextrin (perm β-CD)-protonated L-Lysine ...non-covalent complex as a prototypical system, we present the infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectrum of the gas phase complex produced by electrospray ionization technique. In order to elucidate the structure of perm β-CD)/LysH
complex in the gas phase, we carry out quantum chemical calculations to assign the two strong peaks at 3,340 and 3,560 cm
in the IRMPD spectrum, finding that the carboxyl forms loose hydrogen bonding with the perm β-CD, whereas the ammonium group of L-Lysine is away from the perm β-CD unit. By simulating the structures of perm β-CD/H
/L-Lysine complex in solution using the supramolecule/continuum model, we find that the extremely unstable gas phase structure corresponds to the most stable conformer in solution.
Alternative noninvasive methods capable of excluding intracranial hypertension through use of transcranial Doppler (ICPtcd) in situations where invasive methods cannot be used or are not available ...would be useful during the management of acutely brain-injured patients. The objective of this study was to determine whether ICPtcd can be considered a reliable screening test compared to the reference standard method, invasive ICP monitoring (ICPi), in excluding the presence of intracranial hypertension.
This was a prospective, international, multicenter, unblinded, diagnostic accuracy study comparing the index test (ICPtcd) with a reference standard (ICPi), defined as the best available method for establishing the presence or absence of the condition of interest (i.e., intracranial hypertension). Acute brain-injured patients pertaining to one of four categories: traumatic brain injury (TBI), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) or ischemic stroke (IS) requiring ICPi monitoring, were enrolled in 16 international intensive care units. ICPi measurements (reference test) were compared to simultaneous ICPtcd measurements (index test) at three different timepoints: before, immediately after and 2 to 3 h following ICPi catheter insertion. Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) were calculated at three different ICPi thresholds (> 20, > 22 and > 25 mmHg) to assess ICPtcd as a bedside real-practice screening method. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis with the area under the curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the discriminative accuracy and predictive capability of ICPtcd.
Two hundred and sixty-two patients were recruited for final analysis. Intracranial hypertension (> 22 mmHg) occurred in 87 patients (33.2%). The total number of paired comparisons between ICPtcd and ICPi was 687. The NPV was elevated (ICP > 20 mmHg = 91.3%, > 22 mmHg = 95.6%, > 25 mmHg = 98.6%), indicating high discriminant accuracy of ICPtcd in excluding intracranial hypertension. Concordance correlation between ICPtcd and ICPi was 33.3% (95% CI 25.6-40.5%), and Bland-Altman showed a mean bias of -3.3 mmHg. The optimal ICPtcd threshold for ruling out intracranial hypertension was 20.5 mmHg, corresponding to a sensitivity of 70% (95% CI 40.7-92.6%) and a specificity of 72% (95% CI 51.9-94.0%) with an AUC of 76% (95% CI 65.6-85.5%).
ICPtcd has a high NPV in ruling out intracranial hypertension and may be useful to clinicians in situations where invasive methods cannot be used or not available.
NCT02322970 .
The surface plasmon effect on polymer solar cells and polymer light‐emitting diodes is demonstrated by using metal nanoparticles prepared from block copolymer templates. Light absorption of the ...polymer thin layer is increased with the incorporation of metallic nanostructures, resulting in a significant surface plasmon effect in the optoelectronic devices.
