The search for dark matter, the missing mass of the Universe, is one of the most active fields of study within particle physics. The XENON1T experiment recently observed a 3.5σ excess potentially ...consistent with dark matter, or with solar axions. Here, we will use the Noble Element Simulation Technique (NEST) software to simulate the XENON1T detector, reproducing the excess. We utilize different detector efficiency and energy reconstruction models, but they primarily impact sub-keV energies and cannot explain the XENON1T excess. However, using NEST, we can reproduce their excess in multiple, unique ways, most easily via the addition of 31 ± 11 37Ar decays. Furthermore, this results in new, modified background models, reducing the significance of the excess to ≤ 2.2 σ at least using non-Profile Likelihood Ratio (PLR) methods. This is independent confirmation that the excess is a real effect, but potentially explicable by known physics. Many cross-checks of our 37Ar hypothesis are presented.
The mathematical modeling of two-dimensional unsteady free convective flow and thermal transport inside a half-moon shaped domain charged in the presence of uniform/non-uniform temperature and ...magnetic effects with Brownian motion of the nanoparticles has been conducted. Thirty-two types of nanofluids in a combination of various nanoparticles and base fluids having different sizes, shapes, and solid concentrations of nanoparticles are chosen to examine the better performance of heat transfer. The circular boundary is cooled while the diameter boundary is heated with uniform/non-uniform temperature. An external uniform/non-uniform/periodic magnetic field is imposed along diameter. The powerful partial differential equations solver, finite element method of Galerkin type, has been engaged in numerical simulation. The numerical solution's heat transfer mechanism reaches a steady state from the unsteady situation within a very short dimensionless time of about 0.65. The thermal transport rate enhances for increasing buoyancy force whereas decreases with higher magnetic intensity. The uniform thermal condition along the diameter of half-moon gives a higher thermal transport rate compared to non-uniform heating conditions. The non-uniform magnetic field provides greater values of the mean Nusselt number than the uniform field. In addition, the outcomes also predict that a better rate of temperature transport for kerosene-based nanofluid than water-based, ethylene glycol-based, and engine oil-based nanofluid. The heat transfer rate is observed at about 67.86 and 23.78% using Co-Kerosene and Co-water nanofluids, respectively, with an additional 1% nanoparticles volume fraction. The blade shape nanoparticles provide a better heat transfer rate than spherical, cylindrical, brick, and platelet shapes. Small size nanoparticles confirm a higher value of average Nusselt number than big size. Mean Nusselt number increases 22.1 and 5.4% using 1% concentrated Cu-water and Cu-engine oil nanofluid, respectively than base fluid.
Mathematical modeling; Unsteady flow; Uniform/non-uniform temperature; Magnetic intensity; Nanofluids; Half-moon shaped domain
Controlling the uptake of specific ions in polyelectrolyte multilayers is of interest for various fields of application. Here, we quantify the amount of cation of an ionic liquid, namely ...1,3-bis(cyanomethyl)imidazolium chloride, incorporated into polyelectrolyte multilayers upon contact with an ionic liquid solution. The ion partition equilibrium is determined depending on concentration in solution, employing attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy. Generating an excess charge in multilayers by post-preparative manipulation of their charge balance, one can control the incorporated amount. Three multilayer systems are assembled for this purpose, i.e., PSS/PDADMAC, PSS/PAH and PAA/PDADMAC, employing poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS), poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC), poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). The charge balance of the latter two films is manipulated by an external pH stimulus generating an excess positive or negative internal charge, respectively. The concentration of cations in PEM amounts to 30% to 100% of the bulk concentration and scales as PAA/PDADMAC > PSS/PDADMAC > PSS/PAH. Thus, post-preparative pH treatment may be a future tool to create ion-conductive polymer gel films with a desired concentration of small cations.
Abstract ‘ Kinnow’ mandarin (Citrus nobilis L.× Citrus deliciosa T.) is an important marketable fruit of the world. It is mainstay of citrus industry in Pakistan, having great export potential. But ...out of total production of the country only 10% of the produce meets the international quality standard for export. Pre-harvest fruit drop and poor fruit quality could be associated with various issues including the plant nutrition. Most of the farmers do not pay attention to the supply of micro nutrients which are already deficient in the soil. Furthermore, their mobility within plants is also a question. Zinc (Zn) is amongst those micronutrients which affect the quality and postharvest life of the fruit and its deficiency in Pakistani soils is already reported by many researchers. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the influence of pre-harvest applications of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4; 0, 0.4%, 0.6% or 0.8%) on pre-harvest fruit drop, yield and fruit quality of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin at harvest. The treatments were applied during the month of October i.e. 4 months prior to harvest. The applied Zn sprays had significant effect on yield and quality of the “Kinnow” fruit. Amongst different foliar applications of ZnSO4applied four months before harvest, 0.6% ZnSO4 significantly reduced pre-harvest fruit drop (10.08%) as compared to untreated control trees (46.45%). Similarly, the maximum number of fruits harvested per tree (627), fruit weight (192.9 g), juice percentage (42.2%), total soluble solids (9.5 °Brix), ascorbic acid content (35.5 mg 100 g-1) and sugar contents (17.4) were also found significantly higher with 0.6% ZnSO4 treatment as compared to rest of treatments and control. Foliar application of 0.6% ZnSO4 also significantly improved total antioxidants (TAO) and total phenolic contents (TPC) in fruit. In conclusion, foliar spray of ZnSO4 (0.6%) four months prior to harvest reduced pre-harvest fruit drop, increase yield with improved quality of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin fruit.
Resumo A tangerina ‘Kinnow’ (Citrus nobilis L. × Citrus deliciosa T.) é uma importante fruta comercializável do mundo. É o esteio da indústria cítrica no Paquistão, com grande potencial de exportação. Mas, da produção total do país, apenas 10% da produção atendem o padrão internacional de qualidade para exportação. A queda da fruta antes da colheita e a baixa qualidade da fruta podem estar associadas a vários problemas, incluindo a nutrição da planta. A maioria dos agricultores não se preocupa com o fornecimento de micronutrientes que já são deficientes no solo. Além disso, sua mobilidade dentro das plantas também é uma questão. O zinco (Zn) está entre os micronutrientes que afetam a qualidade e a vida pós-colheita da fruta, e sua deficiência em solos paquistaneses já é relatada por diversos pesquisadores. Portanto, este estudo foi realizado para avaliar a influência da aplicação pré-colheita de sulfato de zinco (ZnSO4; 0, 0,4%, 0,6% ou 0,8%) na queda dos frutos na pré-colheita, produtividade e qualidade dos frutos da tangerina ‘Kinnow’ em colheita. Os tratamentos foram aplicados durante o mês de outubro, ou seja, 4 meses antes da colheita. As pulverizações de Zn aplicadas tiveram efeito significativo no rendimento e na qualidade da fruta ‘Kinnow’. Entre as diferentes aplicações foliares de ZnSO4 efetuadas quatro meses antes da colheita, 0,6% de ZnSO4 reduziu significativamente a queda de frutos antes da colheita (10,08%) em comparação com as árvores de controle não tratadas (46,45%). Da mesma forma, número máximo de frutos colhidos por árvore (627), peso do fruto (192,9 g), porcentagem de suco (42,2%), sólidos solúveis totais (9,5 ° Brix), teor de ácido ascórbico (35,5 mg / 100 g-1) e os teores de açúcar (17,4) também foram significativamente maiores com o tratamento com 0,6% de ZnSO4 em comparação com o restante dos tratamentos e o controle. A aplicação foliar de 0,6% de ZnSO4 também melhorou significativamente os antioxidantes totais (TAO) e os teores fenólicos totais (TPC) nas frutas. Em conclusão, a pulverização foliar de ZnSO4 (0,6%) quatro meses antes da colheita reduziu a queda de frutos antes da colheita e aumentou o rendimento com a melhoria da qualidade da fruta tangerina ‘Kinnow’.
We have developed a short and highly efficient microwave-enhanced protocol for the synthesis of new Schiff bases, (
E
)-
N
-(2-arylimidazo1,2-
a
pyridine-3-yl)methylidenepyridin-2-amines, by the ...condensation of 2-arylimidazo1,2-
a
pyridine-3-carbaldehydes with 2-aminopyridine in polyethylene glycol-400 as a green reaction medium in the presence of a catalytic amount of acetic acid. The essential features of this protocol are enhanced reaction rate, more eco-friendly reaction conditions, high yields, and green aspects such as avoiding toxic catalysts and hazardous organic solvents and reuse of the reaction medium.
Liver transplantation is the only existing modality for treating decompensated liver cirrhosis. Several factors, such as nonavailability of donors, combined with operative risks, complications ...associated with rejection, usage of immunosuppressive agents, and cost intensiveness, make this strategy available to only a few people. With a tremendous upsurge in the mortality rate of patients with liver disorders worldwide, there is a need to search for an alternative therapeutic tool that can combat the above limitations and serve as a supportive therapy in the management of liver diseases. Cell therapy using human fetal liver-derived stem cells can provide great potential to conservatively manage end-stage liver diseases. Therefore, the present investigation aimed to study and prove the safety and efficacy of human fetal liver-derived stem cell transplantation in patients with end-stage liver cirrhosis. Twenty-five patients with liver cirrhosis of different etiologies were infused with human fetal liver-derived stem cells (EpCAM+ve) labeled with Tc-HMPAO through hepatic artery. Our high throughput analysis using flow cytometry, RT-PCR, and cellular characterization exemplifies fetal liver cells with their high proliferation rate could be the best source for rejuvenating the diseased liver. Further, no episodes related to hepatic encephalopathy recurred in any of the subjects following hepatic stem cell transplantation. There was marked clinical improvement observed in terms of all clinical and biochemical parameters. Further, there was decrease in mean MELD score (p < 0.01) observed in 6 months follow-up in all patients. Therapy using human fetal liver stem/progenitor cells offers a potentially supportive modality to organ transplantation in the management of liver diseases.
Co-circulation of Chikungunya and Dengue viral infections (CHIKV and DENV) have been reported mainly due to transmission by common Aedes vector. The purpose of the study was to identify and ...characterise the circulating strains of CHIKV and DENV in DENV endemic region of New Delhi during 2016. CHIKV and DENV were identified in the blood samples (n = 130) collected from suspected patients by RT-PCR. CHIKV was identified in 26 of 65 samples (40%). Similarly, DENV was detected in 48 of 120 samples (40%). Co-infection with both the viruses was identified in five (9%) of the samples. Interestingly, concurrent infection with DENV, CHIKV and Plasmodium vivax was detected in two samples. CHIKV strains (n = 11) belonged to the ECSA genotype whereas DENV-3 sequences (n = eight) clustered in Genotype III by phylogenetic analysis. Selection pressure of E1 protein of CHIKV and CprM protein of DENV-3 revealed purifying selection with four and two positive sites, respectively. Four amino acids of the CHIKV were positively selected and had high entropy suggesting probable variations. Co-circulation of both viruses in DENV endemic regions warrants effective monitoring of these emerging pathogens via comprehensive surveillance for implementation of effective control measures.
Due to increased number of herbicide resistant weeds, it is needed to explore the allelopathic potential of plants as an alternative. The research was conducted to investigate allelopathic effects of ...Carica papaya L. leaf powder and aqueous extract on seeds as well as pre-germinated seeds of Avena fatua L., Helianthus annuus L., Rumex dentatus L., Zea mays L. and Triticum aestivum L. on filter paper and soil in Weed Management Program Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection at PARC Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan. Germination percentage (%), radicle length (cm) and plumule length (cm) were parameters observed for 'Plant leaf powder bioassay' and 'Aqueous extract method'. Most significant growth inhibition was observed in A. fatua seedlings in filter paper method. A. fatua radicle length was reduced by C. papaya aqueous extract (80%) and leaf powder (89%) bioassays. Plumule length was reduced under the influence of aqueous extract (57-73%) and powdered material (59-77%). The inhibitory effects on other test species were in sequence of H. annuus followed by Z. mays and R. dentatus. The aqueous extract showed non-significant effect on wheat seed germination, radicle and plumule growth. It is suggested that C. papaya aqueous extract can be used as source of weed management in wheat crop.
This preliminary study provides the traditional consumption of wild vegetables that mostly grow as weeds (>50%) and that are also medicinally important in the rural communities of Sargodha region, ...Pakistan. Through different surveys and interviews with key informants, data on perception, gathering, preparation and use of 40 wild vegetables belonging to 27 families were collected. Most common wild occurring family was Cucurbitaceae. The most of the plants found were from herbs followed by trees and shrubs. According to mode of consumption, majority of the plants are cooked while others are used as in salads form while juices, spices, pickles, raw form (their parts like fruits), jams etc. are also used. Most commonly used plant parts were fruits followed by shoots and leaves. According to medicinal view of collected wild vegetables, most of the plants are used for gastrointestinal disorders. The present study confirms the findings that the rural communities can harvest wild edible plants especially weeds as a survival strategy. It presents the baseline data on the use of plant resources as wild edible vegetables by the native communities of the area. Moreover, many potential medicinal plants should be the focus of future research, especially from the phytochemical point of view for boosting pharmaceutical industries.
RESUMO: Este estudo preliminar fornece o consumo tradicional de vegetais silvestres que crescem principalmente como plantas daninhas (> 50%) e que também são medicinalmente importantes nas comunidades rurais da região de Sargodha, Paquistão. Por meio de diferentes pesquisas e entrevistas com informantes-chave, foram coletados dados sobre percepção, coleta, preparação e uso de 40 vegetais silvestres, pertencentes a 27 famílias. A família de ocorrência silvestre mais comum foi a Cucurbitaceae. As plantas mais frequentemente utilizadas foram as ervas, seguidas de árvores e arbustos. De acordo com o modo de consumo, a maioria das plantas é cozida, enquanto outras são usadas na forma de saladas, enquanto sucos, temperos, picles, forma crua (suas partes como frutas), geleias, etc. também são usados. As partes de plantas mais comumente usadas foram frutas seguidas de brotos e folhas. De acordo com a visão medicinal dos vegetais silvestres coletados, a maioria das plantas é utilizada para distúrbios gastrintestinais. O presente estudo confirma a descoberta de que as comunidades rurais colhem plantas silvestres comestíveis, sobretudo plantas daninhas, como uma estratégia de sobrevivência. Ele apresenta os dados de base sobre o uso de recursos vegetais, como vegetal comestível silvestre, pelas comunidades nativas da área. Além disso, muitas plantas medicinais em potencial devem ser o foco de pesquisas futuras, especialmente do ponto de vista fitoquímico, para impulsionar as indústrias farmacêuticas.
•To investigate the Natural Convection Heat Transport Performance of Nanofluids Under the Influence of Inclined Magnetic Field.•To implement Finite Element Method.•The non-dimensional governing ...non-linear equations have been resolved through numerical scheme finite element technique of Galerkin type.
Two-dimensional free convective temperature transportation and fluid flow within the semi-circular cavity occupied by nanofluid with influence of inclined MHD is studied numerically. While bottom wall is warmed by three distinct thermal conditions (uniform, parabolic, and sinusoidal), the upper circular wall is warmed at lower temperatures. A slopping magnetic field acts upon the enclosure whose strength is unchanging. The governing non-linear equations is resolved with the numerical scheme Galerkin type finite element technique. A strong agreement is found with the earlier work. The outcomes for the model parameters likely Rayleigh number, sloping angle of magnetic field, nanoparticles volume, size, shape, and Brownian effects, and Hartmann number are demonstrated through streamlines, isothermal lines, and mean Nusselt number. In addition, investigation is conducted the thermal features of various nanoparticles and the nanofluid produced from them. The outcomes reveal that thermal transfer rate is significantly enhanced by volume fraction nanoparticles and buoyancy-driven parameter Rayleigh number whilst reduces for higher Hartman number. The inclined angles of magnetic field and different thermal conditions have a positive influence on thermal transport. For Cu-H2O nanofluids, thermal transport is enhanced by 10.98 % in a uniform thermal system, where it increases by 14.42 % in the parabolic thermal system and by 15.53 % in a sinusoidal thermal system for the only 5 % volume of nanoparticles. Moreover, nano-sized particles’ shape factor has a noteworthy role in thermal transport. It is found that heat transfer rate rises by 6.79 % for blade-shaped nanoparticles. Additionally, as considering Brownian effects of nanoparticles, the temperature transport rate is improved by 21.45 % for small-sized nanoparticles.
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