This study aimed to investigate the protective role of emulsions loaded with paprika oleoresin carotenoids on liver and serum of healthy rats. Additionally, the study explored the effects of nonionic ...surfactants on the liver, which have not been reported. Conventional (CE) and nano (NE) emulsions were prepared and characterized, showing particle size of 157.9 and 39.2 nm, respectively and a monodisperse-size distribution. Carotenoid concentration analyzed by the DPPH method (EC50) were 347 and 359 μg/mL for CE and NE, respectively. Both emulsions and the surfactant alone (Tween 40) were orally administered to Wistar rats. The results obtained in this study suggests that carotenoid emulsions have a protective effect on liver due to an increase of antioxidant activity, without modifying the transaminases activity. However, when the surfactant was administered alone, a damage on the liver was observed. The damage observed indicates that it is necessary to analyze the appropriate surfactant when emulsions and nanoemulsions are designed.
•Carotenoids of paprika into emulsions and nanoemulsions were incorporated.•In vivo model was used to investigate transaminase and antioxidant activity.•The antioxidant activity is inversely proportional to the particle size.•Transaminase activity is affected by interface and surfactant interactions.
Fractal analysis, using water adsorption and an image analysis technique, was applied to investigate the effect of surface irregularities on the thermodynamic properties of matrix calcium-sucrose ...powder moisture sorption. The sorption isotherms were evaluated at 15, 25, and 35°C for calcium-sucrose powders obtained by a cryogenic process (CP) and spray drying (SD). Solubilization of the powders was observed after 20 days of storage at 25°C, and the powder CP had greater physical stability than SD. There was good agreement among the fractal dimension computed by scanning electron microscopy analysis and water adsorption isotherm. The surface fractal dimensions were between 2.19 and 2.44 for CP and were larger than those obtained for SD, which were between 2.11 to 2.26. The differential and integral enthalpies increased as the surface geometry became more irregular, also increased the interactions between the powder surface and water molecules. These results suggested that the increase in the matrix irregularities for a product can displace the minimum integral entropy toward high water activity, thereby improving the storage stability.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Probiotics are affected by several factors decreasing their action on the gastrointestinal system. Therefore, is necessary to protect them, using encapsulation techniques for incorporating into ...various food products. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of three natural prebiotics (potato starch (PS), Plantago psyllium (PSY) and Inulin (INU)) co-encapsulated with alginate, on viability of Lactobacillus casei Shirota (Lc) and two strains of Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp33 and Lp17). Physicochemical properties, prebiotic consumption, encapsulation yield and the viability of encapsulated microorganisms during storage at controlled conditions were analysed. The findings revealed a higher encapsulation yield when PSY (94% for Lp17) and INU (78% in Lp33) were used in co-encapsulation with alginate. Capsules produced were spherical and exhibited good flow properties, and the viability during storage was higher at 4 °C for PSY capsules, which also offered the best protection in gastrointestinal conditions.
•Addition of prebiotics to capsulated improves the viability of Lactobacillus strains.•Capsules containing PSY resulted in a higher yield of encapsulated bacteria.•Addition of PSY and INU improves resistance to gastrointestinal digestion.•PSY enhances the viability of probiotic bacteria for long storage periods.•Storage conditions had the least effect on the viability of Lactobacillus plantarum.
Betalains were microencapsulated by fluidized bed drying of a beetroot juice foam made with different concentrations of egg albumin and using the suspension of foam-covered balls during drying. The ...foams were prepared by whipping using a commercial mixer. The influence of whipping time, juice solids:egg albumen ratio, surface tension, and zeta potential on the foam's physical, chemical, antioxidant and microstructural properties during fluidized bed drying were studied. The kinetic data of betalains degradation were used for estimating the activation energy during the drying of beetroot foam from 60 to 80 °C. The albumin content affected the surface tension and zeta potential, which were critical for foam stability. The best physical stability of the foams at 1:3 and 1:4 juice solids:albumin ratio was achieved. During fluidized bed drying, moisture content decreased drastically in the first 4 min at 60 °C, whereas, at 70 and 80 °C, it was 2 min. The degradation kinetics of betalains during drying was of first-order reaction, with activation energies of 16.5 and 24.3 kJ/mol at 1:3 and 1:4 beetroot juice solids:albumin ratios. The antioxidant activity of the reconstituted foam powders had IC50 values ranging from 0.763 to 0.857 μg/mL and 1.308–1.401 μg/mL for DPPH and ABTS, respectively. The microstructure of the dried foam samples showed a distribution pore size of 167.1 ± 55 μm, suggesting resistance to deformation during fluidized bed drying. These results provide useful information for designing foam powders to protect and stabilize bioactive molecules with a simple process and cost-effectiveness that provides high-quality powders.
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•Foam beetroot microcapsules of albumin were made and then fluidized-bed dried.•The albumin affected the surface tension and Zeta-potential and foam stability.•The foam-covered balls allow rapid drying times and high betalains protection.•The activation energy was highest, whereas betalains were more stable.•The rigid foam lamella performed as wall material that protected the betalains.
With the increasing cost of fossil fuel to generate power for cooling purposes, there is a need for alternative methods of cooling system that is sustainable and economically viable in producing high ...quality crops under tropical condition. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ground heat exchanger (GHE) for root-zone cooling on the growth, yield, and economic returns of aeroponically-grown strawberry plants under tropical greenhouse condition. The experiment had two treatments; the root-zone cooling methods (GHE, Air-conditioning Unit (ACU), and Control - no root-zone cooling) and photoperiods (8-hours, 16-hours, and 12-hours). We observed that the root-zone mean temperature under GHE was maintained at 26.75 °C, which was 2.61°C higher than ACU and 2.17°C lower than the control. The GHE and ACU did not significantly differ in terms of plant's growth with larger and number of leaves, and longer petioles than the control. We found no significant interaction of the treatments on the yield nor difference between GHE and ACU with 181-186 g/plant. Projected benefit cost ratio using GHE is 4.24 and annual return of investment is at 32%. This study underscores the feasibility of GHE application for root-zone cooling under tropical greenhouse condition.
Adult patients with adrenoleukodystrophy have a poor prognosis owing to development of adrenomyeloneuropathy. Additionally, a large proportion of patients with adrenomyeloneuropathy develop ...life-threatening progressive cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy. Leriglitazone is a novel selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist that regulates expression of key genes that contribute to neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes implicated in adrenoleukodystrophy disease progression. We aimed to assess the effect of leriglitazone on clinical, imaging, and biochemical markers of disease progression in adults with adrenomyeloneuropathy.
ADVANCE was a 96-week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2–3 trial done at ten hospitals in France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, the UK, and the USA. Ambulatory men aged 18–65 years with adrenomyeloneuropathy without gadolinium enhancing lesions suggestive of progressive cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy were randomly assigned (2:1 without stratification) to receive daily oral suspensions of leriglitazone (150 mg starting dose; between baseline and week 12, doses were increased or decreased to achieve plasma concentrations of 200 μg·h/mL SD 20%) or placebo by means of an interactive response system and a computer-generated sequence. Investigators and patients were masked to group assignment. The primary efficacy endpoint was change from baseline in the Six-Minute Walk Test distance at week 96, analysed in the full-analysis set by means of a mixed model for repeated measures with restricted maximum likelihood and baseline value as a covariate. Adverse events were also assessed in the full-analysis set. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03231878; the primary study is complete; patients had the option to continue treatment in an open-label extension, which is ongoing.
Between Dec 8, 2017, and Oct 16, 2018, of 136 patients screened, 116 were randomly assigned; 62 81% of 77 patients receiving leriglitazone and 34 87% of 39 receiving placebo completed treatment. There was no between-group difference in the primary endpoint (mean SD change from baseline leriglitazone: –27·7 41·4 m; placebo: –30·3 60·5 m; least-squares mean difference –1·2 m; 95% CI –22·6 to 20·2; p=0·91). The most common treatment emergent adverse events in both the leriglitazone and placebo groups were weight gain (54 70% of 77 vs nine 23% of 39 patients, respectively) and peripheral oedema (49 64% of 77 vs seven 18% of 39). There were no deaths. Serious treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 14 (18%) of 77 patients receiving leriglitazone and ten (26%) of 39 patients receiving placebo. The most common serious treatment emergent adverse event, clinically progressive cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy, occurred in six 5% of 116 patients, all of whom were in the placebo group.
The primary endpoint was not met, but leriglitazone was generally well tolerated and rates of adverse events were in line with the expected safety profile for this drug class. The finding that cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy, a life-threatening event for patients with adrenomyeloneuropathy, occurred only in patients in the placebo group supports further investigation of whether leriglitazone might slow the progression of cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy.
Minoryx Therapeutics.
Essential oils of black pepper (Piper nigrum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) have shown an antimicrobial effect against disease-related pathogens and food spoilage bacteria. However, the ...hydrophobic nature of oils limits their use as natural preservatives within a food matrix. Therefore, the main objective of the present work was to prepare and characterise oil/water (O/W) micro- and nanoemulsions of black pepper and cinnamon essential oils elaborated by ultrasound and high-pressure homogenisation (HPH). For both methods, optically transparent systems with a particle size <100 nm and ζ-potential < −30 mV were obtained. During storage, cinnamon essential oil and blended cinnamon-pepper essential oil nanoemulsions exhibited greater physical stability compared to micro-emulsions. Furthermore, the ultrasound processed cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsion presented greater physicochemical stability and antimicrobial properties against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli than the pepper essential oil nanoemulsion. The results of this study could be useful for designing antimicrobial delivery systems for food safety and preservation.
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•Ultrasonicated and high-pressure nanoemulsions were fabricated.•Ostwald ripening was negligible for nanoemulsions.•The essential oil type and particle size determined the emulsion properties.•Cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsions showed high antimicrobial efficacy.•Nanoemulsions prepared by ultrasound had the most antimicrobial efficacy.
Mass transfer during the incorporation of probiotics protected within a double emulsion W1/O/W2 using hypertonic solutions were analyzed. Osmotic dehydration (OD) and vacuum osmotic dehydration (VOD) ...were used to impregnate the fruit with probiotics. Fresh apple tissue was soaked in osmotic solutions at 40, 50 and 60 °Brix, using a ratio of 1:9 (w/w) emulsion: sucrose solution. The results showed that the survival of probiotics decreased with increasing osmotic pressure of the solution. Higher impregnation of microorganisms was promoted by the application of a period (20 min) of vacuum treatment. Afterwards the atmospheric pressure was restore. The number of viable cells in the osmodehydrated apple was in the range 106–108 CFU/g d.b. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed the presence of microcapsules of 1–2 μm into apple tissue.
•L. rhamnosus was encapsulated within double emulsions.•OD and VOD process were used for the impregnation of probiotics into apple tissue.•Higher impregnation of probiotic was promoted by the solids gain and VOD process.
The aim of this study was to form liquid crystalline structures for retaining and protecting β-carotene (β-c). Tween 40-Span 20 (TxSy) were blended for obtaining target hydrophilic-lipophilic balance ...(HLB) values ranging from 9 to 15. TxSy were mixed with canola oil (O) as carrier and water (W) as solvent and incubated for 10 days at 37 °C. The formation of lyotropic liquid crystals (LLC) was visually monitored. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify the region of LLC formation, which occurred only at HLB values of 11 and 12, the formation region being significantly larger in the former case. The experiments at HLB = 11 were repeated but substituting 0.7% of O by β-carotene (β-c) to produce LLC loaded with β-c (LLC β-c). Finally, LLC β-c were stored in darkness at 25 °C during five weeks. Best LLC β-c yield occurred for an O+β-c:TxSy:W ratio of 40:40:20 (p < 0.05), but the lowest degradation of β-c (17.26%) happened for an O+β-c:TxSy:W ratio of 36:54:10 (p < 0.05). This work provides a procedure for obtaining LLC systems for efficient protection, retention and/or release of nutraceuticals or bioactive compounds such as vitamins, antioxidants and smell substances, which may be used for developing novel food products with desired properties.
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•Self-assembly of Tween 40-Span 20 (TxSy) produced lyotropic liquid crystals (LLC).•Varying mass ratios of TxSy, water (W) and oil (O) formed different LLC structures.•Only at hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) of 11 and 12 were LLC formed.•High retention and low degradation of β-carotene was achieved in LLC at HLB of 11.
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