Enzymatic treatment for juice extraction is most commonly used now a days. The enzymatic process is claimed to offer a number of advantages over mechanical-thermal comminution of several fruit pulps. ...Enzymes are an integral component of modern fruit juice manufacturing and are highly suitable for optimizing processes. Their main purposes are: increase extraction of juice from raw material, increase processing efficiency (pressing, solid settling or removal), and generate a final product that is clear and visually attractive. Juice extraction can be done by using various mechanical processes, which may be achieved through diffusion extraction, decanter centrifuge, screw type juice extractor, fruit pulper and by different types of presses. Enzymatic treatment prior to mechanical extraction significantly improves juice recovery compared to any other extraction process. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the cell walls increases the extraction yield, reducing sugars, soluble dry matter content and galacturonic acid content and titrable acidity of the products. Enzymatic degradation of the biomaterial depends upon the type of enzyme, incubation time, incubation temperature, enzyme concentration, agitation, pH and use of different enzyme combinations. We can conclude from the technical literature that use of the enzymes i.e. cellulases, pectinases, amylases and combination of these enzymes can give better juice yield with superior quality of the fruit juice. Pectinase enzyme can give maximum juice yield i.e. 92.4% at 360 minutes incubation time, 37°C incubation temperature and 5 mg/100 g of enzyme concentration. Whereas the combination of two enzymes i.e. pectin methyl esterase (PME) and polygalacturonase (PG) at 120 minutes of incubation time, 50°C of incubation temperature and 0.05 mg/100 gm of enzymatic concentration can give the maximum yield of 96.8% for plum fruits. This paper discusses the use of enzymes in fruit juice production focusing on the juice recovery, clarity and effect of the particular enzyme on the biochemical properties of the fruit juices.
A 31-year-old man with a history of allergic rhinitis, asthma and eczema presented to the emergency department with sudden dysphagia and food impaction while eating steak. He reported intermittent ...dysphagia and gastroesophageal reflux over several months despite proton pump inhibitor therapy. We diagnosed "steakhouse syndrome," or esophageal food impaction. The gastroenterology team performed urgent esophagogastroduodenoscopy, which showed furrowing and concentric rings, consistent with eosinophilic esophagitis. They extracted the impacted food endoscopically (Figure 1B). Esophageal biopsy showed eosinophilic esophagitis. We prescribed pantoprazole 40mg twice daily and fluticasone propionate 440g twice daily (swallowed, not inhaled). He has since required periodic dilatation of strictures. Esophageal eosinophilia (= 15 eosinophils per high power field) and exclusion of other potential causes of tissue eosinophilia (proton pump inhibitor therapy, Crohn disease, malignant disease, autoimmunity, drug hypersensitivity and parasitic disease) and endoscopy help confirm eosinophilic esophagitis.
Twisted bilayer graphene (tBLG) is a metallic material with two degenerate van Hove singularity transitions that can rehybridize to form interlayer exciton states. Here we report photoluminescence ...(PL) emission from tBLG after resonant 2-photon excitation, which tunes with the interlayer stacking angle, θ. We spatially image individual tBLG domains at room-temperature and show a five-fold resonant PL-enhancement over the background hot-electron emission. Prior theory predicts that interlayer orbitals mix to create 2-photon-accessible strongly-bound (~0.7 eV) exciton and continuum-edge states, which we observe as two spectral peaks in both PL excitation and excited-state absorption spectra. This peak splitting provides independent estimates of the exciton binding energy which scales from 0.5-0.7 eV with θ = 7.5° to 16.5°. A predicted vanishing exciton-continuum coupling strength helps explain both the weak resonant PL and the slower 1 ps
exciton relaxation rate observed. This hybrid metal-exciton behavior electron thermalization and PL emission are tunable with stacking angle for potential enhancements in optoelectronic and fast-photosensing graphene-based applications.
•Novel and efficient lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) processing enzymes can be mined from cow rumen.•Recombinant Cel-5M is a novel multifunctional cellulase of GH5 family and belongs to subfamily ...4.•Cel-5M efficiently converts pretreated LCB into bioethanol.•CBP and SSF in a single vessel is an economical approach to get high yield ethanol.
We are reporting the novel cellulase named Cel-5M from rumen metagenome. The deduced amino acid sequence and biochemical characterization suggested that Cel-5M is endoglucanase from the GH5 family with multifunctional potential. Cel-5M showed similarity to non-characterized proteins and the genus Prevotella as parental organism. The 957 bp ORF encoding Cel-5M was cloned and overexpressed in E. coli and purified. The recombinant Cel-5M showed maximum activity at pH 6.0 and 40 °C. It retained more than 80% activity between 4 and 7 pH and 65% thermostability between 30 and 70 °C. Cel-5M showed activity on various substrates like CMC, Filter paper, Avicel, Xylan, β-Mannan, and Glucopyranoside, which confirmed its multifunctional characteristics and classifies as member of subfamily 4 of GH5 (GH5_4). LCB hydrolysis potential of Cel-5M was studied using wheat straw (10% w/v). Alkali-treated and steam-exploded wheat straws were inoculated with 1 mg/g Cel-5M, 2% yeast in a reaction mixture and SSF at 10% w/v loading rate. The ethanol yield 0.46 g/g and 0.43 g/g of cellulose obtained after 72 h fermentation in alkali-treated and steam-exploded wheat straw, respectively. Cel-5M is novel multifunction cellulase belongs GH-5 endoglucanase from rumen origin can be employed for bioethanol based biofuel production.
α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system and are reported to have neuroprotective properties. α7 nAChRs are expressed on astrocytes, ...which are key regulators of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in several neurodegenerative diseases. However, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of astroglial α7 nAChRs are not well studied. Therefore, we evaluated the role of astroglial α7 nAChR activation in neuroinflammation.
Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of α7 nAChR activation were evaluated in an in vitro mouse model of neuroinflammation using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in primary astrocyte cultures. α7 nAChR anti-inflammatory effects on the NF-κB pathway were evaluated using ELISA, gene expression analysis, immunofluorescence, and western blotting. Antioxidant effect of α7 nAChR activation on expression profiles of canonical Nrf2 target genes was examined by quantitative PCR and western blotting. The role of the Nrf2 pathway in α7 nAChR-mediated anti-inflammatory response was evaluated using Nrf2 knockout astrocytes. Brain ex vivo NF-κB luciferase signals were evaluated after treatment with an α7 nAChR agonist in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injected NF-κB luciferase reporter mouse model.
Astrocytes treated with the α7 nAChR partial agonist (GTS21) showed significantly reduced LPS-mediated secretion of inflammatory cytokines and this effect was reversed by the α7 nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA) and by knockdown of α7 nAChR expression with a short hairpin RNA. Further, α7 nAChR activation blocked LPS-mediated NF-κB nuclear translocation indicating that the observed anti-inflammatory effect may be mediated through inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. Treatment with GTS21 also upregulated canonical Nrf2 antioxidant genes and proteins suggesting antioxidant properties of α7 nAChR in astrocytes. Using an astrocyte conditioned media approach, we demonstrated reduction in neuronal apoptosis when astrocytes were pretreated with GTS21. Finally, in an in vivo neuroinflammation model using LPS in NF-κB luciferase reporter mice, we demonstrated reduction in LPS-induced NF-κB activity and pro-inflammatory cytokines with GTS21 treatment in brain tissue.
Our results suggest that activating astroglial α7 nAChRs may have a role in neuroprotection by decreasing inflammation and oxidative stress, and therefore could have therapeutic implication for disease modifying treatments of neurodegenerative diseases.
Abstract
Persister cell (PC) is dormant, tolerant to antibiotics, and a transient reversible phenotype. These phenotypes are observed in
P. aeruginosa
and cause bacterial chronic infection as well as ...recurrence of biofilm-mediated infection. PC formation requires stringent response and toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules. This study shows the
P. aeruginosa
PC formation in planktonic and biofilm stages on ceftazidime, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin treatments. The PC formation was studied using persister assay, flow cytometry using Redox Sensor Green, fluorescence as well as Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, and gene expression of stringent response and TA genes. In the planktonic stage, ceftazidime showed a high survival fraction, high redox activity, and elongation of cells was observed followed by ciprofloxacin and gentamicin treatment having redox activity and rod-shaped cells. The gene expression of stringent response and TA genes were upregulated on gentamicin followed by ceftazidime treatment and varied among the isolates. In the biofilm stage, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin showed the biphasic killing pattern, redox activity, gene expression level of stringent response and TA varied across the isolates. Ceftazidime treatment showed higher persister cells in planktonic growth while all three antibiotics were able to induce persister cell formation in the biofilm stage.
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