Extensive use of imidacloprid in rice ecosystem may alter dynamics of microorganisms and can change soil biochemical properties. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of imidacloprid ...on growth and activities of microbes in tropical rice soil ecosystem. Four treatments, namely, recommended dose (at 25g a.i. ha−1, RD), double the recommended dose (at 50g a.i. ha−1, 2RD), five times the recommended dose (at 125g a.i. ha−1, 5RD) & ten times the recommended dose (at 250g a.i. ha−1, 10RD) along with control were imposed under controlled condition. Dissipation half lives of imidacloprid in soil were 19.25, 20.38, 21.65 and 33.00 days for RD, 2RD, 5RD and 10RD, respectively. In general bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and phosphate solubilising bacteria population were disturbed due to imidacloprid application. Changes in diversity indices within bacterial community confirmed that imidacloprid application significantly affected distribution of bacteria. Total soil microbial biomass carbon content was reduced on imidacloprid application. Except dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities, all other soil enzymes namely, β-glycosidase, fluorescien diacetate hydrolase, acid phosphatase and urease responded negatively to imidacloprid application. The extent of negative effect of imidacloprid depends on dose and exposure time. This study concludes imidacloprid application had transient negative effects on soil microbes.
•Persistence of imidacloprid is dose dependent.•Transient negative effect of imidacloprid on soil microbes.•Increases in imidacloprid doses had added negative effects.•Distribution and diversity of soil microbes changes with imidacloprid application.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global pandemic, as evident from the global cartographic picture of diabetes by the International Diabetes Federation (http://www.diabetesatlas.org/). Diabetes ...mellitus is a chronic, progressive, incompletely understood metabolic condition chiefly characterized by hyperglycemia. Impaired insulin secretion, resistance to tissue actions of insulin, or a combination of both are thought to be the commonest reasons contributing to the pathophysiology of T2DM, a spectrum of disease originally arising from tissue insulin resistance and gradually progressing to a state characterized by complete loss of secretory activity of the beta cells of the pancreas. T2DM is a major contributor to the very large rise in the rate of non-communicable diseases affecting developed as well as developing nations. In this mini review, we endeavor to outline the current management principles, including the spectrum of medications that are currently used for pharmacologic management, for lowering the elevated blood glucose in T2DM.
The study has focused on the role of working fluids (air, water and FC-72) on the cooling of discrete heated modules under free, forced and mixed convection medium. Three non-identical protruding ...discrete heat sources are arranged at different positions on a substrate board following golden mean ratio (GMR). Numerical simulations for these heat sources are carried out using a commercial software (ANSYS-Icepak R-15) to simulate their flow and temperature fields under three different modes of heat transfer. Results suggest that the temperature of the heat sources is a strong function of their size, position on the substrate board, the velocity of the fluid and type of working fluid used. A correlation has been proposed for the temperature of these heat sources keeping in mind their strong dependence on the afore-mentioned parameters. It has been found that water can be used for better heat removal from the heat sources due to its high boiling point. The whole idea gives a clear insight to the electronic cooling engineers regarding the selection of working fluids and modes of heat transfer for the cooling of electronic components.
The role of soil moisture, light and pH on imidacloprid dissipation was investigated. A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) based method was developed to quantify imidacloprid present in ...soil with a recovery of more than 82%. Rate of dissipation of imidacloprid from soil was faster in submerged condition compared to field capacity and air dried condition. Imidacloprid dissipated non-significantly between sterile and non-sterile soils, but at field capacity, the dissipation was faster in non-sterile soil compared to sterile soil after 60 days of incubation. Similarly, under submergence, the dissipation of imidacloprid was 66.2% and 79.8% of the initial in sterile and non-sterile soils, respectively. Imidacloprid was rather stable in acidic and neutral water but was prone to photo-degradation. Therefore, imidacloprid degradation will be faster under direct sunlight and at higher soil moisture.
The association of tuberculosis (TB) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome over the past several years has become an emerging syndemic. ...Approximately 10% of people living with HIV (PLHIV) with latent TB infection will develop active TB disease each year. In this review, we highlight that this phenomenon is not limited to high endemic regions, such as Afro-Asian nations, but globalization/migration is causing increased case detection even in developed nations, such as the United States. Active screening should be performed for TB in PLHIV. A high degree of clinical suspicion for TB is warranted in PLHIV presenting with fever, cough, and unintentional weight loss. HIV-Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) coinfection is often paucibacillary, precluding diagnosis by conventional diagnostics and/or smear microscopy/culture. Improved detection of pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB is now possible by incorporation of the GeneXPERT MTB/RIF assay (Cepheid Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA). The World Health Organization recommends instituting immediate therapy for MTB, in conjunction with ongoing or newly introduced anti-retroviral therapy. Vigilance is required to detect drug-induced organ injuries, and early-treatment-induced immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Collaborating MTB and HIV activities in concentrated HIV epidemic settings should become a high public health priority.
Electric vehicles are important in today’s world to reduce pollution. The demand for electric vehicles is increasing day by day. The major component is the battery for an electric vehicle which gives ...the power to drive motor and drives the vehicle. Continuous operation of the vehicle causes the battery to heat and while heating there are some flammable gases released which may cause a fire. The heating of batteries reduces the performance of the vehicle and reduces the efficiency, therefore there is a need for cooling techniques to keep the temperature of batteries below the critical temperature for safe operating conditions. The present study emphasizes various cooling techniques used for the battery thermal management system. Cooling improves the performance of the battery and reduces the temperature of the battery. It helps in maintaining the temperature of the battery at the desired level. Before cooling the battery, it is necessary to study the thermal behavior of the battery. Various aspects of the thermal behavior are also reported in the paper and the problems associated with the time required for charging the batteries are also discussed.
This study was conducted to generate knowledge useful for developing public health interventions for more effective tuberculosis control in Arkansas.
The study population included 429 ...culture-confirmed reported cases (January 1, 2004-December 31, 2010). Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotyping data were used to identify cases likely due to recent transmission (clustered) versus reactivation (non-clustered). Poisson regression models estimated average decline rate in incidence over time and assessed the significance of differences between subpopulations. A multinomial logistic model examined differences between clustered and non-clustered incidence.
A significant average annual percent decline was found for the overall incidence of culture-confirmed (9%; 95% CI: 5.5%, 16.9%), clustered (6%; 95% CI: 0.5%, 11.6%), and non-clustered tuberculosis cases (12%; 95% CI: 7.6%, 15.9%). However, declines varied among demographic groups. Significant declines in clustered incidence were only observed in males, non-Hispanic blacks, 65 years and older, and the rural population.
These findings suggest that the Arkansas tuberculosis control program must target both traditional and non-traditional risk groups for successful tuberculosis elimination. The present study also demonstrates that a thorough analysis of TB trends in different population subgroups of a given geographic region or state can lead to the identification of non-traditional risk factors for TB transmission. Similar studies in other low incidence populations would provide beneficial data for how to control and eventually eliminate TB in the U.S.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract Rifampicin is a widely used anti-tuberculosis agent. On rare occasions, the drug can cause adverse effects such as acute renal failure, though most regain complete renal function upon ...discontinuation of therapy. The following case report describes a 38 year old Hispanic male presenting with pulmonary tuberculosis who developed rifampicin-induced renal toxicity. He recovered renal function upon discontinuation of the medication without the use of corticosteroids.
Abstract Extraskeletal osteochondroma is a rare benign tumor that occurs predominantly in the soft tissues of the hands and feet. The congenital occurrence of this lesion in children is very rare. We ...report the case of a 9-year-old male who presented with slowly progressive swelling in his left third web space since birth that was painful with prolonged walking and had displaced his fourth toe further laterally, causing both functional and cosmetic problems. Radiographs and computed tomography revealed a well-circumscribed densely ossified lesion. Excision biopsy of the lesion showed a lobulated extraskeletal osteochondroma. At the end of 1 year of follow-up, the child had had no recurrence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of congenital extraskeletal osteochondroma of the foot in English-language published studies.
Abstract Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection remains a global public health challenge. We report a 40 year old African American male who is a known ...HIV-positive patient, non-compliant with his antiretrovirals and developed pulmonary tuberculosis. His chief complaints were chronic cough, fever, night sweats and undocumented weight loss. He had a prior positive T-SPOT-TB test; however, chest radiograph and sputum smear examination revealed normal results. PCR-based GeneXPERT MTB/RIF assay was ordered and confirmed MTB infection. The sputum cultures grew MTB and sensitivities showed susceptibility to all primary anti-tuberculosis medications. A delay in diagnosis and initiation of MTB therapy, in the setting of HIV or AIDS, may result in rapid disease progression and worse clinical outcome.
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