In this article we analyze the basic theoretical assumptions of participants in the Methodenstreit dispute. The opposing views of positivists and historists have been analyzed according to the key ...positivist rules set out by Kolakowski (1972): phenomenalism, nominalism, status of value judgements and unity of science. In particular, the main consequences of different understandings of the relationship between the methods of the natural and social sciences were discussed: a) understanding of the goal of the social sciences: comprehension and explanation, b) the possibility of discovering universal laws as opposed to contextual analysis of unique phenomena; c) the place of social sciences in the system of sciences. We point to the efforts of the representatives of both directions to affirm the knowledge possibilities of the social sciences, but with different perceptions of the direction of the development of the social sciences - towards conquering the external or internal world.
In this paper we present problems in reporting the results of structural equation modeling (SEM). We present the basic characteristics of structural modeling, from which arises the need for proper ...presentation of the results. SEM is an umbrella term that covers a broad family of procedures with great potential for modeling complex causal relationships. An overview of studies about problems in the reporting SEM results is given, as well as an overview of recommendations on the essential elements of research reports. Given the increasing use of SEM in the social sciences, it is necessary to establish standards for the application and reporting of results in order to ensure the quality and comparability of results. We highlight the issue of choosing model fit indices and point to influential studies addressing it. The aim of the paper is to point out the most common mistakes in presenting the results and to provide basic guidance on how to avoid them, with reference to studies that can shed some light on certain aspects of the problem. Deficiencies in the reports may indicate deficiencies in the research itself, so it is important to avoid them, in order to allow for a valid interpretation, evaluation and replication of the achieved results by the wider scientific community. In order to avoid common application and reporting errors, an attempt was made to form a checklist of basic criteria for reports for studies utilizing SEM, based on the relevant literature. However, it should be noted that SEM procedures are in the process of further development, and further monitoring of their development and refinement of these criteria is necessary.
The paper examines applicability of Inglehart’s model of dimensions of traditional/secular-rational values and survival/self expresion values, based on European Values Study data, conducted in Serbia ...in 2008. Dimensions of values are extracted by applying nonlinear principal component analysis, with asigning ordinal level of analysis. We present three-dimensional solution which separates dimension of survival/self expresion values into two dimensions. The deviations from the two-dimensional model were interpreted in accordance with the theory of revised modernization and thesis about value change in dependance of sociocultural paths of developement of society.
Ronald Inglhart's modernization theory provides a model of global value change, with affirmation of specific national paths of change. The paper considered the importance of the index of ...postmaterialism as a key element of the self-expression dimension. The distribution of (post)materialistic values in Serbia is presented based on data from the European Values Study and World Values Study from 2001, 2005 and 2008. The data indicate the presence of a stable structure in which the mixed and materialistic type predominates.The influence of sociodemographic factors on postmaterialism was examined by applying the regression analysis to the data from 2008. The results indicate a significant influence of the age, level of education and size of the city, while the impact of the amount of income is not statistically significant. The obtained results support Inglhart's theory of values, but do not exclude the effect of the life cycle.
The modern global society is marked by the dominant effect of information technologies that produce fundamental changes in all segments of life. The impact of new media and the globalization process ...lead to changes on such a large scale that it could be said that we are dealing with a new type of society and culture. In the political sphere, as a result of desouvereignization of countries, globalization and informatization processes new forms of citizenship emerge that are grounded in digital identity and new cultural practices. One of the key political actors in this contemporaneity is a digital citizen. The aim of this paper is to examine the concept of a digital citizen in the context of current changes permeating contemporary society and culture. In order to abstract key characteristics of this form of citizenship, it is essential to consider the transformation of the traditional concept of a citizen in digital society and culture, that is, in the new context which offers alternative ways of exercising civil rights and duties. We outlined dominant approaches in conceptualizing digital citizenship in social sciences and particularly pointed to the issue of polarization of normative and radical models of digital citizenship, in addition to the phenomenon of digital democracy. It appears that digital citizenship on the one hand provides an effective alternative to different institutional political processes (e-democracy, e-government or e-voting), while on the other, it offers the potential to practice one’s political activism, to be better informed and to think critically about political issues.
The context of a pandemic caused by an infectious agent and the resulting health risk to a large number of people is a new type of risk contemporary humans are not quite familiar with. In addition to ...forcing citizens to rely on the effects of controlled medical and epidemiological measures, this kind of situation steers citizens towards cooperation and solidarity as well as towards personal capabilities of functioning during a crisis and it requires a certain degree of trust, not only in the institutions but also in other persons. The aim of this paper is to learn to what degree Serbian citizens trust others during the COVID-19 pandemic and whether this level of generalized trust differs among different sociodemographic groups, or more precisely, which groups were affected the most by the absence of generalized trust. The paper also analyzes a set of variables which are either a part of the concept of subjective well-being (feeling of happiness and life satisfaction) or are closely connected to it (the feeling of control over life, subjective health assessment, and assessments of solidarity and honesty of others). The analyzed data were obtained from a sample of 602 adult Serbian citizens who participated in an online survey in May 2020 by completing a questionnaire they received via e-mail and social networks from multiple access points. These data are compared to the newest available data on the given indicators in Serbia before the pandemic, collected within the European Values Study (EVS) in 2017 and the European Social Survey (ESS) in 2018. The results indicate a significant decrease in happiness and continuously low levels of the feeling of control over life and life satisfaction, but also an increase in the assessed honesty and solidarity of others. These findings are in accordance with the results of the previous studies, which revealed different dominant aspects in the analyzed concepts, leading to their different flexibility and (non)resilience to the changes in society.
The context of a pandemic caused by an infectious agent and the resulting health risk to a large number of people is a new type of risk contemporary humans are not quite familiar with. In addition to ...forcing citizens to rely on the effects of controlled medical and epidemiological measures, this kind of situation steers citizens towards cooperation and solidarity as well as towards personal capabilities of functioning during a crisis and it requires a certain degree of trust, not only in the institutions but also in other persons. The aim of this paper is to learn to what degree Serbian citizens trust others during the COVID-19 pandemic and whether this level of generalized trust differs among different sociodemographic groups, or more precisely, which groups were affected the most by the absence of generalized trust. The paper also analyzes a set of variables which are either a part of the concept of subjective well-being (feeling of happiness and life satisfaction) or are closely connected to it (the feeling of control over life, subjective health assessment, and assessments of solidarity and honesty of others). The analyzed data were obtained from a sample of 602 adult Serbian citizens who participated in an online survey in May 2020 by completing a questionnaire they received via e-mail and social networks from multiple access points. These data are compared to the newest available data on the given indicators in Serbia before the pandemic, collected within the European Values Study (EVS) in 2017 and the European Social Survey (ESS) in 2018. The results indicate a significant decrease in happiness and continuously low levels of the feeling of control over life and life satisfaction, but also an increase in the assessed honesty and solidarity of others. These findings are in accordance with the results of the previous studies, which revealed different dominant aspects in the analyzed concepts, leading to their different flexibility and (non)resilience to the changes in society.
Контекст пандемије изазване инфективним узрочником, тиме и потенцијална здравствена угроженост великог броја људи јесте нови, савременом човеку, мало познат облик ризика. Осим ослањања на ефекте ...контролисаних медицинских и епидемиолошких мера, таква ситуација грађане усмерава на сарадњу и солидарност и захтева одређени степен поверења не само у институције, него и поверење на нивоу интерперсоналних односа, као и на личне капацитете за функционисање у кризним околностима. Кључно питање овог рада јесте колики су степен поверења у људе испољили грађани Србије током пандемије и да ли се овај ниво генерализованог поверења разликује у групама према социодемографским обележјима, тачније које су друштвене групе највише погођене одсуством генерализованог поверења. Поред тога, испитан је сет варијабли које су део концепта субјективног благостања (осећај среће и задовољства животом) или су са њим тесно повезане (осећај контроле над животом, субјективна процена здравља, процена солидарности и поштења других људи). Анализирани подаци су добијени на узорку од 602 пунолетна грађана Србије, посредством онлајн истраживања спроведеног у мају 2020. године, дељењем упитника путем имејла и друштвених мрежа са више тачака приступа. Подаци су упоређени са најновијим доступним подацима о поменутим индикаторима у Србији пре пандемије, прикупљене у склопу Европске студије вредности (European Values Study, EVS) из 2017. и Европског друштвеног истраживања (European Social Survey, ESS) из 2018. године. Резултати указују на значајан пад среће, континуирано ниске нивое осећаја контроле и задовољства животом, али и пораст у процени солидарности и поштења других људи. Наведени налази су у сагласности са резултатима претходних студија које упућују на различите доминантне аспекте у испитиваним концептима, одакле следи њихова различита флексибилност и (не)отпорност на промене у друштву.
Fluorinated piperidines find wide applications, most notably in the development of novel therapies and agrochemicals. Cyclization of alkenyl N-tosylamides promoted by BF3-activated aryliodine(III) ...carboxylates is an attractive strategy to construct 3-fluoropiperidines, but it suffers from selectivity issues arising from competitive oxoaminations and the inability to easily modulate the reactions diastereoselectivity. Herein, we report an itemized optimization of the reaction conditions carried out on both cyclic and acyclic substrates and outline the origins of substrate- and reagent-based stereo-, regio-, and chemoselectivity. Extensive mechanistic studies encompassing multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, deuterium labeling, rearrangements on stereodefined substrates, and careful structural analyses (NMR and X-ray) of the reaction products are performed. This revealed the processes and interactions crucial for achieving controlled preparation of 3-fluoropiperidines using I(III) chemistry and has provided an advanced understanding of the reaction mechanism. In brief, we propose that BF3-coordinated I(III) reagents attack CC to produce the corresponding iodiranium(III) ion, which then undergoes diastereodetermining 5-exo-cyclization. Transiently formed pyrrolidines with an exocyclic σ-alkyl-I(III) moiety can further undergo aziridinium ion formation or reductive ligand coupling processes, which dictate not only the final product’s ring size but also the chemoselectivity. Importantly, the selectivity of the reaction depends on the nature of the ligand bound to I(III) and the presence of electrolytes such as TBABF4. Reported findings will facilitate the usage of ArI(III)-dicarboxylates in the reliable construction of fluorinated azaheterocycles.
Fluorinated piperidines find wide applications, most notably in the development of novel therapies and agrochemicals. Cyclization of alkenyl
-tosylamides promoted by BF
-activated aryliodine(III) ...carboxylates is an attractive strategy to construct 3-fluoropiperidines, but it suffers from selectivity issues arising from competitive oxoaminations and the inability to easily modulate the reactions diastereoselectivity. Herein, we report an itemized optimization of the reaction conditions carried out on both cyclic and acyclic substrates and outline the origins of substrate- and reagent-based stereo-, regio-, and chemoselectivity. Extensive mechanistic studies encompassing multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, deuterium labeling, rearrangements on stereodefined substrates, and careful structural analyses (NMR and X-ray) of the reaction products are performed. This revealed the processes and interactions crucial for achieving controlled preparation of 3-fluoropiperidines using I(III) chemistry and has provided an advanced understanding of the reaction mechanism. In brief, we propose that BF
-coordinated I(III) reagents attack C═C to produce the corresponding iodiranium(III) ion, which then undergoes diastereodetermining 5-
-cyclization. Transiently formed pyrrolidines with an exocyclic σ-alkyl-I(III) moiety can further undergo aziridinium ion formation or reductive ligand coupling processes, which dictate not only the final product's ring size but also the chemoselectivity. Importantly, the selectivity of the reaction depends on the nature of the ligand bound to I(III) and the presence of electrolytes such as TBABF
. Reported findings will facilitate the usage of ArI(III)-dicarboxylates in the reliable construction of fluorinated azaheterocycles.
PDF
