This study discusses the various hypotheses associated with the causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth along with a survey of the empirical literature. The survey ...focuses on country coverage, variables selected and model specification, econometric approaches, various methodological issues, and empirical results. The results for the specific countries surveyed show that 31.15% supported the neutrality hypothesis; 27.87% the conservation hypothesis; 22.95% the growth hypothesis; and 18.03% the feedback hypothesis.
This study examines the determinants of renewable energy consumption per capita for a panel of seven Central American countries over the period 1980 to 2010. Specifically, we find that a long-run ...cointegrated relationship exists between renewable energy consumption per capita, real GDP per capita, carbon emissions per capita, real coal prices, and real oil prices with the respective coefficients positive and statistically significant. A structural break in the cointegrating relationship appears in 2002 which coincides with the establishment of the Energy and Environment Partnership with Central America initiative to expand the use of renewable energy sources. Recognizing the regime shift in 2002, we estimate a nonlinear panel smooth transition vector error correction model to show that for the post-2002 period, the influence of renewable energy consumption per capita upon real coal and oil prices strengthened relative to the pre-2002 period as well as a greater sensitivity of real GDP per capita to carbon emissions per capita.
•Each determinant of renewable energy has a positive impact.•Structural break in cointegrated relationship occurred in 2002.•A nonlinear panel smooth transition VEC was implemented.
Unlike previous renewable energy consumption-growth studies, this study examines the relationship between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth for 80 countries within a ...multivariate panel framework over the period 1990–2007. The Pedroni (1999, 2004) heterogeneous panel cointegration test show a long-run equilibrium relationship between real GDP, renewable energy consumption, non-renewable energy consumption, real gross fixed capital formation, and the labor force with the respective coefficient estimates positive and statistically significant. There is little difference in the elasticity estimates with respect to renewable and non-renewable energy consumption. The results from the panel error correction model reveal bidirectional causality between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth in both the short- and long-run. Also, there is bidirectional short-run causality between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption indicative of substitutability between the two energy sources.
► 80 country panel study from 1990-2007 on the renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-growth relationship. ► Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption each has a positive impact on real GDP in the long run. ► Bidirectional causality between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth.
This note employs US annual data from 1949 to 2006 to compare the causal relationship between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and real GDP, respectively. Given the sample size of the ...study, the Toda-Yamamoto causality tests reveal the absence of Granger-causality between renewable or non-renewable energy consumption and real GDP which supports the neutrality hypothesis.
This study examines the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth for a panel of twenty OECD countries over the period 1985–2005 within a multivariate framework. Given the ...relatively short span of the time series data, a panel cointegration and error correction model is employed to infer the causal relationship. The heterogeneous panel cointegration test reveals a long-run equilibrium relationship between real GDP, renewable energy consumption, real gross fixed capital formation, and the labor force with the respective coefficients positive and statistically significant. The Granger-causality results indicate bidirectional causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in both the short- and long-run.
A large-scale analysis of landfalling atmospheric rivers (ARs) along the west coast of North America and their association with the upper-tropospheric flow is performed for the extended winter ...(November–March) for the years 1979–2011 using Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis data. The climatology, relationship to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Madden–Julian oscillation, and upper-level characteristics of approximately 750 landfalling ARs are presented based on the 85th percentile of peak daily moisture flux. AR occurrence along the West Coast is dominated by early season events. In composites of upper-level fields during AR occurrences, certain characteristics stand out irrespective of the tropical climate indices. This suggests that extratropical dynamical processes play a key role in AR dynamics.
The influence of the large-scale circulation on AR intensity prior to landfall is examined by objectively selecting an extreme subset of 112 landfalling AR dates representing the 95th percentile of strongest cases. Each landfalling AR date that is identified is traced backward in time using a novel semiautomated tracking algorithm based on spatially and temporally connected organized features in integrated moisture transport. Composites of dynamical fields following the eastward progression of ARs show a close relationship of the location of the jet, Rossby wave propagation, and anticyclonic Rossby wave breaking in the upper troposphere of the eastern Pacific and moisture transport in the lower troposphere. Comparison between the strongest and the weakest ARs within the most extreme subset shows differences in both the intensity of moisture transport and the scale and development of anticyclonic Rossby wave breaking in the eastern Pacific.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Vinblastine, a potent anticancer drug, is produced by
(Madagascar periwinkle) in small quantities, and heterologous reconstitution of vinblastine biosynthesis could provide an additional source of ...this drug. However, the chemistry underlying vinblastine synthesis makes identification of the biosynthetic genes challenging. Here we identify the two missing enzymes necessary for vinblastine biosynthesis in this plant: an oxidase and a reductase that isomerize stemmadenine acetate into dihydroprecondylocarpine acetate, which is then deacetoxylated and cyclized to either catharanthine or tabersonine via two hydrolases characterized herein. The pathways show how plants create chemical diversity and also enable development of heterologous platforms for generation of stemmadenine-derived bioactive compounds.
A state of mixture Payne, Richard E
2015., 20150901, 2015, 2015-09-01, Letnik:
56
eBook
Christian communities flourished during late antiquity in a Zoroastrian political system, known as the Iranian Empire, that integrated culturally and geographically disparate territories from Arabia ...to Afghanistan into its institutions and networks. Whereas previous studies have regarded Christians as marginal, insular, and often persecuted participants in this empire, Richard Payne demonstrates their integration into elite networks, adoption of Iranian political practices and imaginaries, and participation in imperial institutions.The rise of Christianity in Iran depended on the Zoroastrian theory and practice of hierarchical, differentiated inclusion, according to which Christians, Jews, and others occupied legitimate places in Iranian political culture in positions subordinate to the imperial religion. Christians, for their part, positioned themselves in a political culture not of their own making, with recourse to their own ideological and institutional resources, ranging from the writing of saints' lives to the judicial arbitration of bishops. In placing the social history of East Syrian Christians at the center of the Iranian imperial story,A State of Mixturehelps explain the endurance of a culturally diverse empire across four centuries.
This study examines the causal relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, and real output within a panel vector error correction model for eleven countries of the Commonwealth ...of Independent States over the period 1992–2004. In the long-run, energy consumption has a positive and statistically significant impact on carbon dioxide emissions while real output follows an inverted U-shape pattern associated with the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. The short-run dynamics indicate unidirectional causality from energy consumption and real output, respectively, to carbon dioxide emissions along with bidirectional causality between energy consumption and real output. In the long-run there appears to be bidirectional causality between energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions.
This study examines the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for six Central American countries over the period 1980–2004 within a multivariate framework. Given the relatively ...short span of the time series data, a panel cointegration and error correction model is employed to infer the causal relationship. Based on the heterogeneous panel cointegration test by Pedroni (Pedroni, P., 1999. Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 61, 653–670; Pedroni, P., 2004. Panel cointegration: asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis: new results. Econometric Theory 20, 597–627), cointegration is present between real GDP, energy consumption, the labor force, and real gross fixed capital formation with the respective coefficients positive and statistically significant. The Granger-causality results indicate the presence of both short-run and long-run causality from energy consumption to economic growth which supports the growth hypothesis.
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