Water intake, milk yield, feed consumption, and milk composition of lactating cows were monitored before, during, and after 21-d exposures to voltage. Fifteen first parity and 15 multiparous cows ...were divided equally among five treatments (0, .5, 1, 2, and 4V) in which voltages were applied continuously between water bowls and metal floor mats. Initial application of voltage caused delays in drinking, which increased with voltage. Two animals receiving 4V did not drink for 36h, at which time their voltages were disconnected. All other animals drank within 36h and showed no significant long-term difference in the monitored parameters. Drinking behavior in the presence of voltage was investigated further by exposing 44 first parity and 40 multiparous cows to voltage (3, 4, 5, or 6V) for 2 d. Four first parity cows receiving 5 or 6V did not drink for 36h while all other animals did. Delays in resumption of drinking increased with voltage. In total, all 42 animals exposed to 3V or less adapted within 36h, as did 60 of the 66 Holsteins (91%) exposed to 4 to 6V. Adaptation may have been enhanced by the continuous presence of the voltages.
Secondary surgery in burns management Duquennoy-Martinot, V; Guerreschi, P; Poiret, G ...
Archives de pédiatrie : organe officiel de la Société française de pédiatrie
17, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Diogenes syndrome is a behavioural disorder of the elderly. Symptoms include living in extreme squalor, a neglected physical state and unhygienic conditions. This is accompanied by a self-imposed ...isolation, the refusal of external help and a tendency to accumulate heteroclite objects. This particular geriatric syndrome has been described for the first time only quite recently, as the 2 primary descriptions by geriatricians and psychiatrists date from 1966 and 1975 respectively. Its rare occurrence contrasts with the fact that it is well-known, partly due to it being named after the Greek philosopher "Diogene de Sinope", who taught cynicism philosophy and a return to a natural way of life, and partly because of its rare characteristics. The Diogenes syndrome is a fascinating object of study for the clinician who takes care of patients living in uncommon conditions, on the edge of society and unaware of the particularity of their lifestyles. Patients suffering from Diogenes syndrome are usually discovered by chance, either because of a somatic illness, or as a result of social intervention related to their behavioural problems. Management of the syndrome is difficult and ethically challenging, as the patient does not seek help. Moreover, 46% of patients have a 5 year mortality rate. Hospitalisation has to be avoided whenever possible and ambulatory treatment and social measures should be favoured. Psychotropic treatment prescription may be necessary, depending on clinical features and the possible underlying psychiatric disease. Although several clinical hypotheses have been suggested, the true ethiopathogeny of the syndrome remains unclear. Most authors agree that this behaviour does not reflect free will and has consequently no theoretical relationship to the Greek philosopher. There is no true consensus about diagnostic criteria. They include the main features of the syndrome and exclude known psychiatric syndromes. Clark and Mankikar, who named this syndrome, reckon it may represent stress-related defence mechanisms of the elderly or may be related to natural ageing process. However, psychiatric pathologies as paranoid and paranoiac psychoses, mood disorders and obsessive and compulsive disorders have been described to be associated with it in the literature. Dementia, in particular temporo-frontal dementia, should be looked for and excluded clinically. Alcohol abuse seems to be an aggravating rather than a precipitating factor. Finally, the link between these pathologies and Diogenes syndrome is not yet determined: are they triggering, co-morbid or etiological factors? Should this syndrome be considered as a true illness or as a symptom? This paper presents Diogenes syndrome as a behavioural disorder and distinguishes 2 types: the "active type"--patients who collect from outside to clutter inside--and the "passive type"--patients who passively become invaded by their rubbish. Active type patients fill their home to fill in the vacuum of their life, as it deteriorates and looses its narcissical appeal. Passive type patients accumulate by default and emptiness. A psychopathological understanding is presented here, referring to psychoanalytical theories of the Moi-peau (ego-skin) described by Anzieu. The Moi-peau represents a structure of the psyche founded on the following principle: any psychic function develops itself according to a bodily function from which it transposes its functioning at a mental level. The skin has three functions: the containing shell, the protective barrier of the psyche, and a medium of exchange. The Moi-peau is organised as a double-wall acting both as a defence mechanism and as a filter between the psyche and the external world. It preserves the relationship and the cohesion "container-content". As a result of a narcissical wound, the Moi-peau is damaged and looses its function of a container. In the case of Diogenes Syndrome, the accumulated items repair the Moi-peau and the home becomes an "exterior-proof", thus playing the role of the Moi-peau. This behaviour therefore plays a repairing role for psychic functioning, allowing psychic survival.
The lateral brachial flap is a fascio-cutaneus flap. This flap is secured. The functional and cosmetic sequelae are limited. The authors propose in this paper its utilisation as free flap in the ...reconstruction of facial defects. Thanks to its low morbidity, this free flap may be used in old patients.
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